Exam 3 Flashcards
Why is exploration with the hands and mouth important for Cognition?
Presents Infants with ample
opportunities to explore objects with their hands and mouth, take in an abundance of
information. This experience helps them to understand the world around them, thus affecting
their cognitive development.
What is eye-hand coordination?
The child’s ability to coordinate body movements in response
to what is visualized.
Why is Postural control important?
Postural control maintains balance with movement and
adjusts in anticipation of movement.
● This anticipatory postural adjustment and balance is an important component of
coordinated arm and hand movement.
What is Bimanual hand use?
The ability to use both hands in a complementary action.
What are the 5 separate In-hand Manipulation Skills?
Finger-to-palm translation /
Palm-to-finger translation / Shift / Simple rotation / Complex rotation.
What is Handedness?
Handedness is a complicated and highly researched area of function.
Each hand is controlled by the opposite side of the brain; Handedness can be broken down in 2
ways: preference and degree. Preference clarifies the use of the right or left hand, and degree
identifies how strongly a person prefers that hand.
What are the six prerequisites that should be present prior to handwriting instruction
-Small muscle development
-Eye-hand coordination
-Utensil or tool manipulation
-Basic stroke formation such as circles and lines
-Alphabet letter and number recognition
-Orientation to written language
when should you “change” a child’s grasp pattern
If it’s causing them pain or fatigue, grasp is impacting writing performance, or if there is a joint concern
What’s the difference between imitation vs copying
Imitation: The child is watching you draw something and then imitates you by drawing it themselves
Copying: presenting a picture of something (like a circle) and saying “copy the circle”. The child does not see any modeling being done.
What is harder imitation or copying?
copying
When assessing handwriting what are some things to look at?
-Grasp/hand strength
-Postural and proximal shoulder stability
-Positioning (physical seating, paper -positioning, L hand vs R hand)
-Legibility (sizing, spacing, alignment)
-Letter formation
What can impact handwriting performance?
-Learning disability
I-f they haven’t been taught handwriting
-Visual motor integration issues, grasp issues, cognitive issues, working memory or executive functioning issues, visual acuity, language issues, etc.
-Where is the movement originating from
What is dynamic vs static?
Dynamic: moving your fingertips/wrist
Static: using your entire arm to write
Functional vs Efficient grasp
Functional grasp: complete tasks efficiently, even if the grip isn’t perfect
Efficient grasp: perform tasks with minimal effort and maximum control, using a refined grip
What are the 6 stages of play that sequentially become more advanced & social?
- Unoccupied Play: child is observing, standing still or randomly moving
- Solitary Play: child plays independently even if other children are nearby
- Onlooker Play: child is a spectator watching others play, may make suggestions/ask questions
- Parallel Play: child plays independently beside other children, aware of others but plays separately
- Associative – Group Play: group of children engaging in a common activity but without a common goal
- Cooperative – Group Play: highest level of play, group of children engaging in an organized/cooperative activity to achieve a common goal
What is visual field?
The area perceived when looking straight ahead
What is visual acuity?
The clarity of the objects we perceive
What is visual attention?
The ability to attend to a stimulus and perceive its detail
What is visual scanning?
The ability to move the eyes from one object to another; includes saccadic and visual pursuit
What is pattern recognition?
Ability to identify and define features that make an object and object
What does Saccades look like?
Rapid shift or ‘jump’ off of the visual target, leads to issues with reading and writing
What do issues with figure ground look like?
Difficulty distinguishing individual stimulus from a background, especially in “cluttered” areas
What do issues with visual closure look like?
Difficulty recognizing objects in incomplete forms
What do issues with form constancy look like?
Difficulty recognizing objects if the size, shape, color, and position change. (spot it)
What are some of the lower level skills and higher level skills of visual perception?
Ocular skills, visual fields, and visual acuity are lower, building up to visual attention, scanning, pattern recognition, visual memory, and visual cognition.
What is visuo-cognition?
The ability to mentally manipulate visual information and integrate it with other information in order to solve, formulate plans and make decisions, and includes form constancy, visual closure, figure ground, and spatial perception.
Children with feeding issues can be classified into what sections?
1 sensorimotor, 2 medical, 3 behavioral or any combination of the 3.
At birth which reflex dominates?
The physiological flexion- this flexes the limbs and
spine including the neck towards the center of the body
What is sucking elicited through?
Rhythmic coordination of the tongue, lips, cheeks
and jaw.
What does reflexive coordination provide?
Sucking, swallowing and breathing allows
the infant a smooth, efficient, and undisturbed rhythm for eating
Swallow reflex-
13-14 weeks gestation- nutritive, gone by 2-5 months, when food enters
posterior area of throat
Suck reflex
15-16 wks gestation, compression and suction, nutritive, 3-4 months
diminished, nipple or finger on lips or tongue
Gag reflex-
18 wks gestation, protection of airway, does not diminish, touch on tongue
Rooting reflex-
present at birth, directs mouth to nipple, goes away at 3-4 months,
stroke lips or cheeks
What protective reflexes does a full term baby have?
Cough and gag reflex
Successful participation in feeding requires the transition from ?
Reflexive to
voluntary oral motor control. The movement of jaw, tongue, and lips to continue feeding
What are the causes of diminished feeding endurance?
1 weak oral motor
musculature causing slow sucking rhythm or disorganized suck, 2 medical issues such
as those seen in prematurity
Reasons for refusal of new or different textured foods?
1 uncoordinated or weak
oral motor control, 2 hypersensitivity, 3 hyposensitivity, 4 limited repertoire,
What are reasons for magnified limitations in feeding for some children?
Decreased communication skills, diminished oral motor skills, and/or sensory processing
and regulations issues.
Why is position important when it comes to feeding?
It is essential for respiration,
oral-pharyngeal control and overall motor function.
At what age are soft solid foods usually introduced?
4-6 months
What environments can help children with exposure to different foods?
Group-Situations: School lunch time and going out to eat can help with this. The child is
exposed to different food’s textures and smells without the pressure of having to eat that
food because it belongs to someone else.
What are some activities that can help a child with food exposure?
Doing an art
project with different foods, cooking, reading a book about food, playing pretend food
games.
