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NUR 4125 PATHO > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the risk associated with Parkinson’s disease and bradykinesia?

A

Risk for falls due to impaired movement and balance.

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2
Q

What is the primary concern in a myasthenic crisis?

A

Respiratory failure due to muscle weakness affecting breathing.

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3
Q

What pattern is seen in atrial flutter on EKG strips?

A

‘Saw-tooth’ pattern.

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4
Q

What characterizes ventricular tachycardia on an EKG?

A

Wide, bizarre QRS complexes, regular rhythm.

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5
Q

How is atrial fibrillation identified on an EKG?

A

Irregularly irregular rhythm with no distinct P waves.

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6
Q

What does sinus bradycardia look like on an EKG?

A

Slow rate but normal PQRST complexes.

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7
Q

List the primary manifestations of Parkinson’s disease.

A
  • Tremors
  • Rigidity
  • Bradykinesia
  • Postural instability
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8
Q

What are common signs of right-sided heart failure?

A
  • Peripheral edema
  • Jugular venous distension
  • Ascites
  • Hepatomegaly
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9
Q

What type of medications are used in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Medications that act on the dopaminergic system, particularly in the brain’s basal ganglia.

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10
Q

What do elevated ANP and BNP levels indicate?

A

Heart failure severity, especially concerning ventricular stretch and pressure.

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11
Q

Is there a genetic link to Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Yes, especially with familial Alzheimer’s and specific mutations like APOE4.

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12
Q

Name three types of progressive dementia diagnoses.

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Vascular dementia
  • Lewy body dementia
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13
Q

What is a key differentiator of Alzheimer’s disease from vascular dementia?

A

Memory loss and cognitive decline.

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14
Q

What does a CT scan show in a patient with Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Brain atrophy, including enlarged ventricles and shrinkage of the hippocampus.

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15
Q

What are muscle fasciculations?

A

Involuntary muscle twitches seen in ALS or motor neuron disorders.

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16
Q

What is the underlying issue in multiple sclerosis?

A

Immune-mediated destruction of the myelin sheath in the CNS.

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17
Q

What urine output indicates inadequate renal perfusion?

A

Less than 30 ml/hr.

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18
Q

List symptoms of left-sided heart failure.

A
  • Pulmonary symptoms (e.g., dyspnea, orthopnea)
  • Crackles
  • Fatigue
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19
Q

What is the primary symptom of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Tremor, especially resting tremor.

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20
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Low thrombocyte count, leading to a risk for bleeding.

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21
Q

What should be explained to an Alzheimer’s patient neglecting things?

A

Memory loss is part of the disease, and routines can help.

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22
Q

What causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, often due to chronic alcohol use.

23
Q

What type of shock typically requires antibiotics?

A

Septic shock.

24
Q

How do ACE inhibitors help in chronic heart failure?

A

Reduce afterload by preventing the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, lowering blood pressure.

25
Q

What is the oxygen saturation range for moderate hypoxemia?

A

86-90%.

26
Q

What is the role of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s?

A

Slow cognitive decline by increasing acetylcholine in the brain.

27
Q

What routine is beneficial for an Alzheimer’s patient?

A

Establish a consistent daily routine to help manage memory loss.

28
Q

Describe the manifestations of delirium.

A

Acute confusion, fluctuating consciousness.

29
Q

Describe the manifestations of dementia.

A

Progressive memory and cognitive loss.

30
Q

What does dysphagia refer to?

A

Difficulty swallowing.

31
Q

What characterizes depression?

A

Persistent sadness, withdrawal, changes in appetite/sleep.

32
Q

What is an intervention for a confused, agitated dementia patient?

A

Reorient and calm the patient with a familiar object or routine.

33
Q

What do pinpoint hemorrhages and bruising indicate?

A

Petechiae and purpura, often indicating thrombocytopenia.

34
Q

What is the purpose of compression stockings post-hip repair?

A

Prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

35
Q

What should be assessed in a thrombocytopenia patient with bleeding gums?

A

Recent infections, medication history (e.g., aspirin), or blood clotting disorders.

36
Q

List risk factors for atherosclerosis.

A
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Diabetes
37
Q

What are common causes of thrombocytopenia?

A
  • Decreased production
  • Increased destruction of platelets (e.g., bone marrow disease, medications)
38
Q

What do red pinpoint hemorrhages likely indicate?

A

Petechiae due to low platelet count.

39
Q

How does liver cancer affect bleeding risk?

A

Damage can lead to coagulopathy due to the liver producing clotting factors.

40
Q

What is a complication of heparin therapy?

A

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), leading to increased risk of clotting.

41
Q

What is a key intervention in circulatory shock?

A

Administer fluids, vasopressors, oxygen.

42
Q

What should be done if a patient develops heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?

A

Stop heparin, use non-heparin anticoagulants.

43
Q

What is the firing rate of the AV node if the SA node fails?

A

40-60 beats per minute.

44
Q

What is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node.

45
Q

Why is primary hypertension management important?

A

It prevents complications like stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage.

46
Q

What is a non-modifiable factor for hypertension?

A

Genetics or age.

47
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure.

48
Q

What are risks for venous thrombosis?

A
  • Immobility
  • Pregnancy
  • Prolonged bed rest
  • Surgery
49
Q

How is hypertension diagnosed?

A

Repeated elevated blood pressure readings on different occasions.

50
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Inability of the heart to meet the body’s oxygen demands.

51
Q

What are the DASH diet restrictions?

A

Avoid high sodium, processed foods, and excessive sweets.

52
Q

What is the primary cause of coronary artery disease?

A

Atherosclerosis.

53
Q

What should older adults be educated about regarding cardiac health?

A

Encourage regular exercise, low-sodium diet, and monitoring blood pressure.

54
Q

What are signs of a true myocardial infarction?

A
  • Chest pain unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin
  • ST-elevation on EKG
  • Positive troponins

NUR 4125 PATHO (2 decks)

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