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Sensation and Perception > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need attention?

A

Because we can’t pay attention to everything so we have to pick and choose what parts of the world we process more and what we process less

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2
Q

What does the attentional filter do

A

It blocks undesired information (usually like in a dichotic listening test)

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3
Q

What is inattentional blindness

A

You don’t see something even if you are looking at it. You only see it if you attend to it

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4
Q

What is an attentional blink

A

“closing” attention. Task experiment where you get worse at finding one thing if you also have to look for the other thing

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5
Q

What is change blindness

A

You don’t notice changes

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6
Q

What were the main results from the moran and desimone study

A

Cells have preferential responses in area V4 based on what is being paid attention to. More activity depends on where you are focusing. Attention changes the activity in the brain

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7
Q

What did O’Craven et al find

A

That our attentional system is active to motion in MT areas when things are moving

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8
Q

What does the inferemporal cortex pay special attention to

A

Object recognition and form/color

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9
Q

What does the parietal cortex pay special attention to

A

“Where” and motion

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10
Q

How does attention solve the binding problem

A

Feature integration theory

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11
Q

What is the preattentive stage

A

It is where primitives (lines and circles) automatically and effortlessly pop outW

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12
Q

What is the focused attention stage

A

Where the primitives are combined. These require effort and attention

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13
Q

What is a feature search

A

In the preattentive stage. Stimuli not bound together

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14
Q

What is a conjunction search

A

In the focused attention stage. Attention binds object features together

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15
Q

What is the biased competition model

A

Stimuli compete for attention. This competition can be biased, often toward the object that is currently attended in the visual field, or alternatively toward the object most relevant to behavior.

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16
Q

Attentional capture

A

New objects attract attention

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17
Q

Value driven attention

A

Highest value color is most distracting

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18
Q

Does attention stay stagant?

A

No, it spreads through an object

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19
Q

What are some brain areas involved in attentional control

A

Frontal eye field
Posterior Parietal Cortex (damage produces unilateral spatial neglect)

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20
Q

How are pure tones plotted

A

In a sine wave

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21
Q

What does the amplitude represent on a sine wave

A

How much pressure changes

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22
Q

What does the wavelength represent on a sine wave

A

Time/distance
Frequency/hz (pitch)

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23
Q

What range of sounds can humans hear

A

20 hz to 10,000,000 hz

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24
Q

What is the difference in the charts of a pure tone and a complex tone

A

Pure tone is true sine wave
Complex tone is not

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25
Q

What is a fundemental frequency

A

The lowest frequency that you can hear in a complex tone. Has the highest amp

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26
Q

What kinds of frequencies does noise canceling work for

A

Lower frequencies

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27
Q

What is a fourier spectrum

A

a complex waveform made up of multiple waves

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28
Q

What is a harmonic

A

Its the higher frequencies after the fundamental freq.

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29
Q

What do different instruments make different sounds if they are playing the same note

A

Because the note is being held differently. it either drops off or is sustained

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30
Q

How does distance relate to dB

A

you HAVE to keep distance in mind or else your measurements will get screwed uo

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31
Q

what is the equation for sound pressure and amp

A

pressure/p (sub)O
20 log (P/pO

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32
Q

What happens if you add together two sounds with the same dB

A

It will increase by 6dB
ex: 80dB + 80dB = 86dB

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33
Q

Frequency

A

pitch

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34
Q

Amplitude

A

Loudness

35
Q

Waveform

A

Timbre

36
Q

What does loudness depend on

A

Amplitude and frequency

37
Q

What is an audibility curve

A

The abs. threshold of the tones

38
Q

Can you still hear at 0dB

A

YES! It is just how its defined.

39
Q

Where does human speech fall in hz

A

~1,000 - 10,000

40
Q

Where is greatest displacement caused on the basilar membrane

A

At he apex where low frequency pressure waves are

41
Q

What is the envelope of traveling waves

A

A chance in the attack rate over time

42
Q

What signals do inner hair cells send

A

release of neurotransmitters

43
Q

What signals do outer hair cells send

A

a motile responses

44
Q

What is place coding for frequency

A

That hair cells signal different frequencies depending on location

45
Q

What does a frequency tuning curve represent

A

It gives evidence for place coding by showing the frequencies that hair cells respond to

Sharper curves are higher freq
More rounded curves are lower freq

46
Q

What frequencies does the apex stimulate

A

Low freq

47
Q

What freq does the base/stapes stimulate

A

High freq

48
Q

What frequency does white noise have

A

Equal energy at all freq

49
Q

Where does the effect of masking extend

A

It extends more to higher freq so may be harder to hear masked high freq notes

50
Q

How high can phase locking extend to

A

can etexnd to 4000-5000 hz

51
Q

What is phase locking

A

In a sound wave, hair cells can’t fire at every single peak because its too much energy so instead, seperately fibers peak at different times and if you listen to them all TOGETHER it becomes the same initial sound wave. The timing is a certain amount of milliseconds apart and its locked to that time

52
Q

What is timbre

A

an example of the tone envelope. its why musical instruments all sound different

53
Q

What is tone chroma

A

Pitch class (like middle C)

54
Q

What is the tritone paradox

A

It is hard to tell if a C is higher than F# (a half octave). Some say this depends on where you grew up

55
Q

What does periodicity pitch tell us

A

That we perceive the fundemental frequency to be there even if it is not

56
Q

Why do things sound different when played backwards

A

Because of the tone envelope since attack and decay rates would be reversed

57
Q

The anterior ROI responds to ______ tasks

A

What

58
Q

The posterior ROI responds to ______ tasks

A

Where

59
Q

What is azimuth

A

Its the left/right plane of things we can hear

60
Q

What is interaural level difference (ILD)

A

An acoutsic shadow is cased from our head that shadows one ear. It’s about the different sound levels entering the ear

61
Q

What is interaural time difference (ITD)

A

I helps us localize sound because whatever reaches the ear faster must be closer to us

62
Q

What does having our head straight looking forward do to ITD

A

It makes it very hard to tell where the sound is coming from so you have to rotate your head

63
Q

Do we notice echoes

A

Not really. They reflect off the room on everything that isn’t the sound source

64
Q

How does elevation help us localize sound

A

We can detect changes in elevation through the pinna. Experiment where the pinna was artificially blocked and couldn’t perceive elevation but could perceive azimuth. got better over time

65
Q

Would putting on headphones effect auditory localization

A

It would destroy elevation cues but not azimuth

66
Q

What do we do where there are audio cues and visual cues at the same time

A

we go with the visual cue

67
Q

Do audio cues effect our visual perception

A

Yes. Sound can alter perceived motion

68
Q

What is grouping by harmonic coherence

A

All multiples of the fundemental freq. are perceived a s a unit and not seperate sound waves

69
Q

What is group by synchronous change

A

We group together sounds that move together

70
Q

What is auditory stream segreation or pitch streaming

A

When tones are close in frequency they sound like a galloping pattern of one sound stream. but when the freq are far apart it sounds like two different sound streams

71
Q

What is grouping by similiary

A

We group tones that sound the same together. If there is a flank tone it will mess up our perception

72
Q

What is grouping by temporal proximity

A

Grouping together based on speech and being close together in time. in slow speeds the sounds sound like one wave.

73
Q

What is perceptual completion of occluded sounds

A

We image a sound being there even if it’s not actually there because another sound is playing “over” it

74
Q

What is a formant

A

Its a clump on a graph indicating the sound wave emerging from the mouth. Dif vowels have dif formants @ dif freq

75
Q

What do formant transitions depict

A

Consonants

76
Q

what is coarticulation

A

One phoneme can influence the acoustic properties of another. basically our words flow right into one another

77
Q

What is the segementing problem

A

We don’t have gaps between words

78
Q

How do we solve the segmenting problem

A

With phoneme transition probabilities. We know which phonemes probably end a word

79
Q

What is the variability problem

A

Children and men would sound different

80
Q

What is categorical perception

A

Voice onset time is a cue to voicing

81
Q

What is voice onset time

A

The interval between the initial bursts of frequencies and the onset of voicing. difference between Pa (longer voice onset time) and Ba

82
Q

What is phonemic restoration effect

A

We use knowledge of the language to augment our perception. We will in gaps. We do this better when we can lip read

83
Q

What is the effect of context on speech perception

A

It’s easy to misperceive sound if there is conflicting context (like the cat example). When we don’t segment correctly, speech perception becomes very hard

84
Q

What are the effects of syntax and semantics on perception in noise

A

When the sentence is grammatically correct and follows a clear meaning, it is much easier to pick out the words. When it’s not, it’s very hard

Sensation and Perception (3 decks)

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