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Sensation and Perception > Exam 2 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is the problem with perceptual organization

A

Stimuli on the retina can be ambiguous and can change from moment to moment based on noise, occlusion, and changes in viewpoint

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2
Q

What is the visual system good at?

A

Object recognition (of familiar and unfamiliar objects)
Distinguishing between many objects within one category
Viewpoint invariance

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3
Q

Viewpoint invariance

A

recognizing objects from many different viewpoints

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4
Q

What is perceptual organization

A

Making sense of patters than are present through assigning boarder ownership, distinguishing figure from ground, and grouping similar regions together

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5
Q

What is Object Recognition

A

What IS the thing? Matching objects to their representations in stored memory
Shape representation in the brain
The role of gist

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6
Q

What is important about assignment of border ownership

A

Important in determining what shapes are present

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7
Q

Why is figure-ground organization helpful?

A

Useful in assigning border ownership

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8
Q

What is figure-ground organization

A

Figure = “thing”
Surrounded objects are usually seen as figures
Figures are often in the front of ground

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9
Q

Ambiguous Figure- Ground

A

Switches spontaneously
Lamp/ladies kissing example

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10
Q

Symmetry and figure- Ground organization

A

Symmetrical items are more likely to be perceived as figures 2

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11
Q

Convexity and figure- Ground organization

A

Convex items are more likely to be perceived as figure

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12
Q

Meaningfulness and figure- Ground organization

A

You see the object and figure-ground segregation at the same time

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13
Q

Won and Weisstein study

A

When the line was tilted toward the figure, just of line was better.
More attention goes to the figure

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14
Q

V2 and visual processing

A

early on in the processing stream you already have info about scene/background

Very sensitive to detecting difference between stimuli
and there is more activity if the pattern changes

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15
Q

What is perceptual grouping

A

We naturally group things together whether its conscious or unconscious

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16
Q

Does grouping occur before or after color constancy mechanisms operate

A

We perceive color AFTER color constancy

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17
Q

What is common fate

A

things that move together are perceived as belonging together. Neurons sync their firing when activity moves together

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18
Q

What is subjective contours

A

A misperception of our visual system that sees edge completion in shapes.

qWe see a triangle in three packman shaped circles

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19
Q

How do we do object recognition

A

Two approaches
1. We have a single representation of every recognizable object, regardless of viewpoint
2. we have viewpoint specific representations of objects

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20
Q

Biederman’s 1985 object recognition theory

A

Recognition by components (geons). If you can see the geons then you can see the object/know what it is

objects can be ID’d if the geon’s can be ID’d

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21
Q

What is a geon

A

Geometric ion
Each one is unique from most angles
only 36 needed to make thousands of forms

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22
Q

Geons and vertices

A

We are good at seeing things when the vertices are present
Geons help make up vertices

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23
Q

What are limitations of geons

A

Viewpoint invariance
We know the geons of a coffee cup but there are many different kinds of coffee cups so there must be more to object recognition than just geons

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24
Q

What is support for viewpoint specific representations

A

Objects are recognized more quickly when see from a familiar viewpoint

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25
Q

What region is sensitive to shape orientation

A

V4. There are neurons that are sensitive to convex and position

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26
Q

What is gist

A

The general sense. The gist of a scene can be perceived rapidly and can guide object recognition. This is a top down influence

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27
Q

How does gist help guide perception

A

You are more accurate at responding when the foreground and the background match

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28
Q

What is visual angle

A

The angle between the rays spanning the object. It’s used to specify the size on the retina

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29
Q

What are spatial frequency channels

A

Neural mechanisms that are sensitive to only a narrow range of spatial frequencies.

We are most sensitive to intermediate spatial frequencies

30
Q

What does moving closer do to a low spatial frequency obj

A

makes it harder to see

31
Q

What does moving closer do to a high spatial frequency obj

A

makes it easier to see

32
Q

What a question that depth perception poses

A

How do we get 3D info from a 2D retina???

33
Q

What does retinal size depend on

A

size of an obj and distance to the obj

34
Q

What are Monocular cues

A

All the ways that one eye can help you process
Static Cues

35
Q

Examples of Static cues

A

Position Based cues
Size based cues
Lighting based cues

36
Q

What are the kinds of position based cues

A

Partial occlusion
Relative height

37
Q

What are kinds of size based cues

A

Familiar size
Relative size
Texture gradients
Linear perspective

38
Q

What are kinds of Lighting Based cues

A

Atmospheric perspective
Shading
Cast shadows

39
Q

What are dynamic cues

A

They require motion

Motion parallax
Optic flow
Deletion and accretion

40
Q

Examples of binocular cues

A

Binocular disparity

41
Q

What is partial occlusion

A

You can see what thing is closer based on what is blocking what

42
Q

What is relative height

A

the closer to the horizon, the father away it is

43
Q

What is familiar size

A

We are able to use the retinal image size of a familiar object to gauge our distance from it

We use the separation of headlights to tell us how far away a car is

44
Q

What is relative size ?

A

We use the relative size of the retinal image to judge the distance

45
Q

What is linear perspective

A

Parallel lines converge with distance

46
Q

What are texture gradiants

A

The texture gets smaller and smaller and things get father away

47
Q

What is atmospheric (aerial) perspective

A

It gets hazier as you get farther away bc you are looking through more atmosphere

48
Q

Shape from shading

A

We assume light comes from above

49
Q

Cast shadows

A

Shadows can make us think things are moving in a different direction

50
Q

What is motion parallax

A

objects that are closer appear to move faster than objects that are further

Movement to the right causes obj to appear to move to the left with closer objects moving faster

51
Q

What is optic flow

A

Like in a car, the yellow line moves really fast bc its close to you whereas the mountain moves slower bc its farther away

52
Q

Deletion and accretion

A

strong cues about relative distance
You know what shape is in the front based on what is occluding what

53
Q

What are oculomotor cues

A

cues that have origin in the muscles in the eye

accommodation
convergence

54
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

Binocular disparity refers to the difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes, resulting from the eyes’ horizontal separation.

When different images are seen by each eye

55
Q

What is a horopter

A

a line or surface containing all those points in space whose images fall on corresponding points of the retinas of the two eyes.

obj NOT on the horopter stimulate disparate points

56
Q

What do 3D movies have to do with depth perception?

A

They produce binocular disparity which makes the image pops out
Each eye can only see one image

57
Q

The correspondence problem

A

We see depth before form

58
Q

What is size constancy

A

We tend to perceive an object to be a fixed size regardless of the distance to the object or the size of it on the retina

59
Q

How to eliminate depth cues

A

Darkness
Close one eye

60
Q

What is the law of visual angle

A

Judgements of size are based only on visual angle (when depth perception is unavailable)

61
Q

What is the law of visual angle explain?

A

Why the moon and the sun are the same shape

62
Q

What is Emmert’s Law

A

The perceived size of an object depends on its distance

63
Q

Kinds of illusions we talked about

A

Ames room
Moon illusion
Ponzo (railroad tracks) illusion
Muller-Lyer illusion (arrows)
Outside rear view mirror illusion

64
Q

Where in the visual stream are size and depth combined and processed

A

V1

64
Q

When does size constancy fail

A

When you have misinterpreted depth cues
leads to illusions

65
Q

The hollow mask illusion

A

Shape from shading cues. Makes you think the face is popping out. Light comes from below
When you move, cues of familiarity cause the face to move also bc the shape from shading is conflicting with motion parallax and motion parallax is always right

66
Q

If two depth cues are conflicting, we assume…

A

That they are both correct. The second depth cue is always motion parallax

67
Q

Anamorphic projection

A

Written so it would look normal from far away. This is a failure of shape constancy

68
Q

What is luminance

A

luminance = illuminance X reflectance

Its the amount of light reflected by an object

69
Q

What is the ratio principle

A

ratio of luminance between and obj and surround elements terminates the obj perceived lightness

70
Q
A

Sensation and Perception (3 decks)

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