Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 100 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hierarchical organization

A
  • aristotle
  • species fall into natural groups, some better than others
  • humans above animals, men above women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

fixity of species

A
  • working scientific theory
  • empirical evidence, philisophical ideas
  • discrete boundaries between species based on how things look
  • species do not change over time, no extinction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

natural theology

A
  • all creation is due to activities of a Christian God
  • discover nature = discover God
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

foundation of darwin and wallace

A
  • darwin’s HMS Beagle voyage: lots of different organisms in different islands, fossils, similar behavior
  • studied finches in the galapagos islands
  • darwin’s voyage of the beagle notes 1838
  • wallace writes him a letter from malaysia in 1858
  • darwin’s origin of species 1859
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

success of an organism

A

survive and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

components/postulates of natural selection

A
  1. individual members of population vary
  2. traits are passed from parent to offspring
  3. some individuals fail to survive and reproduce
  4. survival and reproduction are not determined by chance (but by advantageous traits)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

evidence of natural selection: artificial selection

A

if we can do it with dogs and produce, why can’t nature do it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

evidence of natural selection: comparative anatomy

A

organisms from different ancestries have same froms/structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vestigial structures

A

a structure that no longer provides a function, but did for ancestors. also referred to as evolutionary baggage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

convergent evolution

A

natural selection causing non-homologous structures that serve similar functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

analogous structures

A

structures with similar functions/appearance but different internal anatomies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

evidence of natural selection: embryology

A

species with similar embryos likely have common ancestors, stages of development show different groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

evidence of natural selection: geographic distribution

A

similar species in different locations evolve differently (ex. mammals and marsupials)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

evidence of natural selection: progression of fossil forms

A

shallower fossils more closely resemble modern organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

neodarwinian synthesis

A
  • reconciles natural selection with mendelism (mendel rediscovered early 1900s)
  • inheritance is particulate (DNA)
  • differential proliferation of phenotypes (advantageous)
  • natural selection changes gene frequencies
  • more successful genotype = more successful offspring (survival and reproduction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

population

A

all individuals of same species living in a given geographical area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

gene

A

discreet segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

gene pool

A

all the genes (and their alleles) of a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

allele frequency

A

relative proportion of each allele in the population
- 25 individuals, 50 alleles, 20/50 are B dark fur alleles, allele freq. = 40%
- if a species is not evolving, that frequency will not change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

conditions for hardy-weinberg principle

A
  • no mutations
  • no gene flow
  • very large population
  • completely random mating
  • no differential fitness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles to and from other populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

genetic drift

A

a random event that removes some alleles from a small population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

genetic drift: bottleneck

A

when an event causes a population to suddenly become very small

23
Q

genetic drift: founder effect

A

isolated colonies founded by a small population

24
Q

adaptation vs. trait

A

a trait is only considered and adaptation if it influences the success of an organism in its environment

25
Q

competition

A

interactions among individuals who attempt to utilize a limited resource

26
Q

coevolution

A

when species exert selection pressures on each other and thus mutually affect one another’s evolution (usually predator-prey)

27
Q

directional selection

A

favors individuals on one extreme
- ex. peacock tails

28
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favors individuals with the average trait, reduces variation
- ex. newborn baby weight

29
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors individuals with either extreme of a trait
- can lead to speciation

30
Q

species

A

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
- doesn’t account for organisms that reproduce asexually or extinct populations

31
Q

pre-mating isolating mechanisms: geography

A

can’t mate if you can’t meet

32
Q

pre-mating isolating mechanisms: ecology

A

different populations use different resources (ex. ground vs. tree lizards)

33
Q

pre-mating isolating mechanisms: temporal

A

different populations unable to mate due to time season (ex. trees and pollen)

34
Q

pre-mating isolating mechanisms: behavior

A

different displays and courtship to attract mates (ex. birds w/ different songs)

35
Q

pre-mating isolating mechanisms: mechanical

A

reproductive organs not compatible (ex. size, pollinated flowers, etc)

36
Q

post-mating isolating mechanisms: gametic incompatibility

A

mating occurs, but fertilization does not

37
Q

post-mating isolating mechanisms: hybrid inviability

A

hybrids don’t survive or are less successful than parents

38
Q

post-mating isolating mechanisms: hybrid infertility

A

hybrids survive but cannot reproduce

39
Q

allopatric speciation

A

two populations geographically separated

40
Q

sympatric speciation

A

population isolation without geographic separation (ecological niche differences)

41
Q

adaptive radiation

A

many speciation events in a short time of which the order cannot be determined, populations invade a variety of new habitats

42
Q

localized distribution

A

if species are too localized, they are very threatened by environment change

43
Q

specialization/overspeciation

A

if species are too adapted to their specific environment, they are very threatened by environment change

44
Q

interactions with other species

A

when new species are introduced to the environment quickly it can lead to extinction for others
- predation
- increased competition

45
Q

taxonomy

A

the naming of organisms

46
Q

2 part name

A

Genus species
- genus always capitalized, species always lowercase
- italicized digitally, underlined hand written

47
Q

phylogeny

A

classification based on evolutionary history

48
Q

systematics

A

discovering evolutionary relationships
- clade: family tree of groups of organisms, based on evolutionary events

49
Q

hierarchal system

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

50
Q

trivial classifications

A

organizing system of convenience that doesn’t reflect beyond the single criteria of classification

51
Q

non-trivial classification

A

organizing system that reflects something in addition to the criterion on which it is organized (more than one criteria)

52
Q

monophyletic taxon

A

most recent common ancestor and all of its decendents

53
Q

polyphyletic taxon

A

does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon

54
Q

paraphyletic taxon

A

includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all of its decendents

BIO 100 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions