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BIO 100 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

A
  • genetic material not enclosed in membrane bound nucleus
  • contains plasmids (circular rings of DNA outside of nucleoid)
  • no organelles
  • unicellular organisms only
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2
Q

all organisms…

A
  1. actively maintain organized complexity
  2. acquire and use energy and materials
  3. sense and respond to stimuli
  4. grow
  5. reproduce
  6. evolve
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3
Q

levels of life

A

atom → molecules → cells (made up of complex biological molecules with carbon atoms) → tissues → organs → organ system → multicellular organisms → population → species → community → ecosystem (community + nonliving environment) → biosphere (all the ecosystems on Earth together)

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4
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
- archaea are prokayrotic and unicellular like bacteria, but differ in structure/chemical composition
- eukarya includes fungi, plants, animals, and protists (unicellular)

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5
Q

3 assumptions of science

A
  1. all events can be traced to natural causes
  2. natural laws do not change over time or distance
  3. scientific findings are “value neutral” (we all see things similarly - quantifying)
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6
Q

scientific method

A

observation → question → hypothesis → prediction → experiment → conclusion (must be repeatable)

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7
Q

glucose

A

C6H12O6

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8
Q

what makes water unique?

A
  • cohesion (water molecules stick together, hydrogen bonds)
  • surface tension (resistance to being broken)
  • adhesion (sticky to slightly charged surfaces, fights gravity)
  • takes loads of energy to heat up
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9
Q

acid

A

yields H+ ions in solution
- 0-6.99 on pH scale
- causes pain and tissue necrosis due to fat hydrolysis

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10
Q

base

A

yields OH- ions in solution
- 7.01-14 on pH scale
- causes delayed pain via protein denaturation

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11
Q

frostbite

A

water inside cells freezes, ice crystals puncture mebrane

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12
Q

organic

A

molecule that contains carbon and usually oxygen/hydrogen too

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13
Q

functional groups

A

atoms/groups of atoms that bond to the carbon rings or chains of organic molecules, determining its distinctive properties and reactivity

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14
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

two molecules joined together and water is pulled out (must happen in solution)

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15
Q

hydrolysis

A

a covalent bond is broken by adding water (must happen in solution)

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16
Q

carbohydrate

A

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1C:2H:1O)
- monomer: monosaccharide
- polymer: polysaccharide
- found in simple sugars (glucose), complex (starches), glycogen (energy in animals), cellulose (cell walls, fiber), and chitin (exoskeletons)

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17
Q

protein

A

biological polymers composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- monomer: amino acids
- polymer: polypeptide chain
- amino acids joined by peptide bonds
- ex. structural, movement, defense, storage, signaling, enzymes

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18
Q

4 structures of proteins

A
  1. primary - sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
  2. secondary (helix) - pleats, folds, pleats from hydrogen bonds
  3. tertiary - 3D structure of a single peptide chain by disulfide bonds
  4. quaternary - lots of 3D peptide chains
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19
Q

nucleic acids

A

molecule made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
- monomer: nucleotides
- polymer: nucleic acid
- 5 carbon sugar, phosphate functional group(s), and nitrogen base
- ATP, nucleotide, energy source
- nucleic acids make up genetic material

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20
Q

bonding patterns of DNA and RNA

A

DNA
- guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine
- G & C, A & T

RNA
- guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil
- G & C, A & U

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21
Q

lipids

A

molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- not polymers, just made up of carbon chains
- hydrophobic
- store 2x more energy than carbs and are lightweight

22
Q

plant vs. animal cells

A
  • large central vacuole
  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts
  • plastids (food storage)
23
Q

ribosomes

A

build proteins

24
Q

Golgi

A

packages proteins from the ER for export out of the cell

25
Q

lysosomes

A

contains enzymes that digest large molecules

26
Q

cytoskeleton

A

organelle movement, cell movement, maintenance of cell shape, cell division

27
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

uses carrier protein to bring bigger molecules through membrane, doesn’t require energy, high to low concentration

28
Q

active transport

A

requires energy to move molecules across membrane against the gradient, low to high

29
Q

endocytosis

A

plasma membrane engulf extracellular material to bring it into the cell

30
Q

pinocytosis

A

a droplet of interstitial fluid into the cell, creating a vesicle

31
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

selective uptake of molecules, binds to receptor located at a coated pit on plasma membrane to form vesicle

32
Q

phagocytosis

A

large particles or microorganisms moved into the cell

33
Q

exocytosis

A

intracellular material travels to membrane in vesicle and is released outside of cell

34
Q

cilia/flagella

A

movement of cell

35
Q

inside of nucleus

A
  • chromosomes: strands of DNA
  • nucleolus: ribosome factory
36
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

produce membrane proteins and new phospohlipids
- smooth ER: no ribosomes
- rough ER: ribosomes

37
Q

functions of membranes

A
  • separate in from out
  • sense changes in external environment
  • cell to cell communication
  • maintain structure
  • protection, movement, secretion, and transport
38
Q

bilayer of phospholipids

A
  • not bonded together
  • polar head, non-polar tails
  • double bonds make tails kink and keep it fluid
39
Q

cell theory

A
  1. every organism made of one or more cells
  2. smallest organisms are single cells and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
  3. all cells arise from preexisting cells
40
Q

cytoplasm

A

goo inside the cell outside the nucleus

41
Q

cellular respiration

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O6) → Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O) + ATP

42
Q

coupled RXN

A
  • ATP from glucose breakdown (exergonic) fuels protein synthesis (endergonic)
  • electron carriers transfer the energy from one RXN location to another
43
Q

competitive inhibition

A

molecule blocks active site

44
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

molecule binds to enzyme not in the active site, distorts the shape of the active site

45
Q

feedback inhibition

A

end product of multi-enzyme RXN inhibits start of RXN

46
Q

stages of ATP production

A
  • glycolysis: break down glycose, outside of mitochondria, yields 2 ATP
  • kreb’s cycle, in mitochondria, yields 2 ATP
  • electron transport chain, yields 32-24 ATP
47
Q

aerobic respiration

A
  • plants and animals
  • survive in oxygenated environment
  • O2 is the final electron aceptor
  • prokaryotes yield 38, eukaryotes yield 36-38
48
Q

anaerobic respiration

A
  • some bacteria in environments without O2
  • sulfate or nitrate is the final electron acceptor (smelly)
  • leads to fermentation
49
Q

fermentation

A
  • ATP is built without ETC, only yields 4
  • no O2 required
  • lactic acid or ethanol are the final electron acceptors (soreness)
50
Q

different foods into ATP production

A
  • Proteins → amino acids → (protein catabolism) acetyl-CoA → Kreb’s cycle/ATP OR fatty acid
  • Fats → fatty acids → (fatty acid oxidation) acetyl-CoA → Kreb’s cycle/ATP OR fatty acid
  • Carbohydrates → glucose → (glycolysis) acetyl-CoA → Kreb’s cycle/ATP OR fatty acid

BIO 100 (4 decks)

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