exam 1 Flashcards
prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
- genetic material not enclosed in membrane bound nucleus
- contains plasmids (circular rings of DNA outside of nucleoid)
- no organelles
- unicellular organisms only
all organisms…
- actively maintain organized complexity
- acquire and use energy and materials
- sense and respond to stimuli
- grow
- reproduce
- evolve
levels of life
atom → molecules → cells (made up of complex biological molecules with carbon atoms) → tissues → organs → organ system → multicellular organisms → population → species → community → ecosystem (community + nonliving environment) → biosphere (all the ecosystems on Earth together)
3 domains of life
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
- archaea are prokayrotic and unicellular like bacteria, but differ in structure/chemical composition
- eukarya includes fungi, plants, animals, and protists (unicellular)
3 assumptions of science
- all events can be traced to natural causes
- natural laws do not change over time or distance
- scientific findings are “value neutral” (we all see things similarly - quantifying)
scientific method
observation → question → hypothesis → prediction → experiment → conclusion (must be repeatable)
glucose
C6H12O6
what makes water unique?
- cohesion (water molecules stick together, hydrogen bonds)
- surface tension (resistance to being broken)
- adhesion (sticky to slightly charged surfaces, fights gravity)
- takes loads of energy to heat up
acid
yields H+ ions in solution
- 0-6.99 on pH scale
- causes pain and tissue necrosis due to fat hydrolysis
base
yields OH- ions in solution
- 7.01-14 on pH scale
- causes delayed pain via protein denaturation
frostbite
water inside cells freezes, ice crystals puncture mebrane
organic
molecule that contains carbon and usually oxygen/hydrogen too
functional groups
atoms/groups of atoms that bond to the carbon rings or chains of organic molecules, determining its distinctive properties and reactivity
dehydration synthesis
two molecules joined together and water is pulled out (must happen in solution)
hydrolysis
a covalent bond is broken by adding water (must happen in solution)
carbohydrate
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1C:2H:1O)
- monomer: monosaccharide
- polymer: polysaccharide
- found in simple sugars (glucose), complex (starches), glycogen (energy in animals), cellulose (cell walls, fiber), and chitin (exoskeletons)
protein
biological polymers composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- monomer: amino acids
- polymer: polypeptide chain
- amino acids joined by peptide bonds
- ex. structural, movement, defense, storage, signaling, enzymes
4 structures of proteins
- primary - sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
- secondary (helix) - pleats, folds, pleats from hydrogen bonds
- tertiary - 3D structure of a single peptide chain by disulfide bonds
- quaternary - lots of 3D peptide chains
nucleic acids
molecule made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
- monomer: nucleotides
- polymer: nucleic acid
- 5 carbon sugar, phosphate functional group(s), and nitrogen base
- ATP, nucleotide, energy source
- nucleic acids make up genetic material
bonding patterns of DNA and RNA
DNA
- guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine
- G & C, A & T
RNA
- guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil
- G & C, A & U
lipids
molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- not polymers, just made up of carbon chains
- hydrophobic
- store 2x more energy than carbs and are lightweight
plant vs. animal cells
- large central vacuole
- cell wall
- chloroplasts
- plastids (food storage)
ribosomes
build proteins
Golgi
packages proteins from the ER for export out of the cell
lysosomes
contains enzymes that digest large molecules
cytoskeleton
organelle movement, cell movement, maintenance of cell shape, cell division
facilitated diffusion
uses carrier protein to bring bigger molecules through membrane, doesn’t require energy, high to low concentration
active transport
requires energy to move molecules across membrane against the gradient, low to high
endocytosis
plasma membrane engulf extracellular material to bring it into the cell
pinocytosis
a droplet of interstitial fluid into the cell, creating a vesicle
receptor mediated endocytosis
selective uptake of molecules, binds to receptor located at a coated pit on plasma membrane to form vesicle
phagocytosis
large particles or microorganisms moved into the cell
exocytosis
intracellular material travels to membrane in vesicle and is released outside of cell
cilia/flagella
movement of cell
inside of nucleus
- chromosomes: strands of DNA
- nucleolus: ribosome factory
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
produce membrane proteins and new phospohlipids
- smooth ER: no ribosomes
- rough ER: ribosomes
functions of membranes
- separate in from out
- sense changes in external environment
- cell to cell communication
- maintain structure
- protection, movement, secretion, and transport
bilayer of phospholipids
- not bonded together
- polar head, non-polar tails
- double bonds make tails kink and keep it fluid
cell theory
- every organism made of one or more cells
- smallest organisms are single cells and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
- all cells arise from preexisting cells
cytoplasm
goo inside the cell outside the nucleus
cellular respiration
Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O6) → Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O) + ATP
coupled RXN
- ATP from glucose breakdown (exergonic) fuels protein synthesis (endergonic)
- electron carriers transfer the energy from one RXN location to another
competitive inhibition
molecule blocks active site
noncompetitive inhibition
molecule binds to enzyme not in the active site, distorts the shape of the active site
feedback inhibition
end product of multi-enzyme RXN inhibits start of RXN
stages of ATP production
- glycolysis: break down glycose, outside of mitochondria, yields 2 ATP
- kreb’s cycle, in mitochondria, yields 2 ATP
- electron transport chain, yields 32-24 ATP
aerobic respiration
- plants and animals
- survive in oxygenated environment
- O2 is the final electron aceptor
- prokaryotes yield 38, eukaryotes yield 36-38
anaerobic respiration
- some bacteria in environments without O2
- sulfate or nitrate is the final electron acceptor (smelly)
- leads to fermentation
fermentation
- ATP is built without ETC, only yields 4
- no O2 required
- lactic acid or ethanol are the final electron acceptors (soreness)
different foods into ATP production
- Proteins → amino acids → (protein catabolism) acetyl-CoA → Kreb’s cycle/ATP OR fatty acid
- Fats → fatty acids → (fatty acid oxidation) acetyl-CoA → Kreb’s cycle/ATP OR fatty acid
- Carbohydrates → glucose → (glycolysis) acetyl-CoA → Kreb’s cycle/ATP OR fatty acid
