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Pols 110 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

vote choice

A

expression of an evaluation of candidate; an attitude

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2
Q

voter turn out

A

percentage of eligible ppl who actually vote

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3
Q

reasons why ppl vote

A
  • sense of civic duty
  • expressive benefit
  • want to influence the gov’t
  • habit
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4
Q

electorate

A

ppl who vote

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5
Q

what impacts voter turnout

A
  • individual characteristics (like registered, income, eduction, party strength, voting before)
  • political interest
  • environmental forces (phone calls, close elections, social pressure, the election type)
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6
Q

how we measure voter turnout

A

the VAP method and the VEP method

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7
Q

VAP method

A
  • number of voter / voting age population
  • could be misleading bc not everyone who is of age is eligible; like felons
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8
Q

VEP method

A
  • number of voter / voting eligible population
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9
Q

felony disenfranchisement

A
  • over 4 million felons in US denied right to vote
  • states get to decide
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10
Q

effect of same day registration

A

can increase voter turnout

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11
Q

what influences vote choice

A
  • election type: president vs lower offices, general (dem vs rep) or primary (dem vs dem; rep vs rep)
  • other factors: partisanship, incumbency, name recognition, retrospective evaluations, prosepective evaluations, policy positions, candidate characterisitcs
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12
Q

primary election

A
  • no one wins, they vote for who they want on the ballot for their party in the general election
  • voters are stronger partisans; more interested
  • candidates often race to extremes
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13
Q

general election

A
  • regular electoin of candidates
  • candidate must do balancing act: win over persuadable voters and maintain the base
  • partisan base will not vote for the other person or vote at all
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14
Q

retrospective voting

A

relying on past performance

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15
Q

prospective voting

A

based on predictions on how future will perform

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16
Q

issue publics

A
  • ppl with strong opinion on issues
  • learn candidate stances on that
  • issue and vote based on that
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17
Q

when can campaigns influence vote choice

A
  • when candidate relatively unfamiliar to voters
  • when one side has a lot more resources
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18
Q

incumbency advantage

A

advantage that an individual currently in office has over the challenger candidate

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19
Q

wedge issues

A
  • used to drive wedge between voter and thier preferred candidate
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20
Q

what is the wedging method

A
  • isolating an issue where voter disagrees with thier preferred candidate
  • convince them issue is extremely important; make cnadidate stance slear
  • strategically prime this issue
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21
Q

microtargeting

A

isolate persuadable voters

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22
Q

campaign priming

A

more cnadidate talk about issues, the more the citizens use them in their evaluations of candidate

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23
Q

cross-pressures

A
  • two or more beliefs, identities, or issues positions that pull a vote in different partisan directions
  • getting ppl ambivalent is first step
  • reinforce existing attitudes
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24
Q

re-districting

A

process of drawing electoral district boundaries

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25
Q

gerrymandering

A

political manipulatin of electoral district boundaries with intent to create advantage for a party

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26
Q

methods of gerrymandering

A
  • cracking: splitting similar voters so they have to vote in different districts
  • packing: group voters into one category so they have less of an impact
  • hiajacking: ??
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27
Q

rucho vs common cause

A

court ruled partisan gerrymandering is legal, the federal courts cannot review allegations

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28
Q

insurrection

A

violent attack on govt

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29
Q

protest

A

participation that involves assembling crowds to confront govt organization

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30
Q

suffrage

A

the right to vote

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31
Q

digital political participation

A

acitivites designed to influence politics using the internet

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32
Q

socioeconomic status

A

status in society based on level of education, income, and occupation of a person

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33
Q

midterm elections

A

general elections that are held near midpoint of presidents 4 yr term in office

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34
Q

closed primary

A

only ppl who are registered members of policial party may vote the ballor of that political party

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35
Q

open primary

A

primary election in which any registered voter can vote in any party’s primary

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36
Q

frontloading

A

states hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention

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37
Q

party platform

A

-goals supported by party to appeal to public
- purpose of getting public support and votes about a topic

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38
Q

campaign

A

effort by a political candidate and their supporters to win backing of donors

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39
Q

incumbent

A

a candidate running for re-election to a posititon that a cnadidate already holds

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40
Q

goal of member of congress

A

primary goal is to get re-elected

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41
Q

pork barrel legislation

A
  • money for projects that may not be truly needed
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42
Q

why is pork barrel legislation a thing

A
  • ppl like when their lawmaker gets money fro projects in thier district
  • they are all doing same things to get elects
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43
Q

logrolling

A

agreements b/w lawmakers to vote for one anothers bills

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44
Q

consitutency

A

residents in the area from which an offical is elected

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45
Q

geographic sorting

A

moving/living by ppl like them

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46
Q

homestyle

A

how lawmakers present tehmelves to their consittuency

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47
Q

layers of consittuency

A
  • geographic
  • re-election
  • primary
  • personal
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48
Q

delegate

A

do what their constituency wants

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49
Q

trusteee

A

do whay they think is best

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50
Q

descriptive representation

A

extent to which a gov’t looks like the ppl it represents

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51
Q

standing committee

A

permanent committees on particular subject

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52
Q

select committee

A
  • temporary
  • investigate an issue not within the jursidiction of existing committees
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53
Q

confernece committee

A

joint committee with members of HoR and Senate to work out a compromise

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54
Q

seniority and comittees

A

committes are usually chaired by the most senior member of the majority party

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55
Q

bill introduction

A
  • bill can be introducedby the house or senate
  • execpt bills for raising revenue: must be introed in house
  • most die in committee
  • only 2-5% of bill introed each yr become law
  • big piece do not flow thorugh standard format: many merged and edited
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56
Q

committee mark-up

A

re-writing legislatoin based on hearing

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57
Q

closed rule

A

houe rules committee limits or prohibits the intro of amendments during debate

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58
Q

open rule

A

house rule committee permits floor debate and amendments

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59
Q

filibuster

A
  • tactic used in the senate
  • talk a bill to death; or until changes are made
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60
Q

cloture

A
  • ends a filibuster
  • requireds 60 senators or 3/5
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61
Q

veto

A
  • not turned into law
  • can be overridden by 2/3 vote of each house of congress
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62
Q

pocket veto

A

if president doesnt act on piece of legislatoin passed during final 10 dyas og legislative session, the bill is considered vetoed

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63
Q

how congress votes

A
  • vote with party 90% of the time
  • logrolling
  • committee assignments
  • access to floor
  • whip system
  • polarization
  • interest groups
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64
Q

oversight

A

use hearing and investigations to control activites of executive agenicies

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65
Q

advice and consent

A

approve treaties and appointments made by the president

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66
Q

nuclear option

A

suspend the cloture rule for hte supreme court nominee

67
Q

impeachment process

A
  • congress has power over president, VP, judges, and other federal officials
  • charge them with “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors”
  • four presdients have faced impeachment (2 actually)
68
Q

susbstantive representation

A

occurs when representatives opinions and actions reflect the wishes, needs, and interest of the ppl they represent

69
Q

speaker of the house

A
  • chief presiding officer of the house
  • speaker is most important party and house leader and can influence legislative agenda, fate of individuel pieces of legislation, and member position within the house
70
Q

majority leader

A
  • the elected leader of majority party in house or senate
  • in house leader is subordinaate in party hierarchy to speaker of the house
71
Q

minority leader

A

elected leader of minority party in the house or senate

72
Q

whip

A

party member in the house or senate responsible for coordinating partys legislative strategy, builing support ofr key issues, and counting votes

73
Q

roll call vote

A

vote in which each legislator yes or no vote is recored as the clerk call the names of the members alphabetical

74
Q

unorthodox lawmaking

A

set of procedures that deviates from regular order; reflects a greater level of control from party leaders and less deliberation from members

75
Q

multiple referral

A

practice of referring a bill to more than one committee for consideration

76
Q

ping-ponging

A

sending amendment back and forth between relevant house and senate committees to reconcile differences between bills or major measures without convening a conference committee at all

77
Q

appropriations

A

amount of money approved by congress in status that each unit or agency of govt spend

78
Q

expressed powers

A

specific powers granted by the consittuion to congress

79
Q

commander in chief

A

the role of the presidnet as commander of national military

80
Q

executive powers

A

execute and implement the laws (interpretation)

81
Q

legislative powers

A

give a state of the union address; veto

82
Q

military powers

A

commander in chieg

83
Q

judicial power

A

grant pardons, amnesty, reprieves

84
Q

diplomatic powers

A

receive ambassadors, make treaties with “advice and consent” of senate

85
Q

what are the expressed powers

A
  • executive powers
  • legislative powers
  • military powers
  • judicial power
  • diplomatic power
86
Q

line item veto

A

courts stuck down

87
Q

signing statments

A

add in interpretations; possibly alter memanig of legislation

88
Q

executive order

A

rule or regulation issues by the presdient that has the effect of law

89
Q

what are the claimed powers

A
  • line item veto
  • signing statements
  • executive order
  • executive privilege
90
Q

executive agreement

A
  • like a treaty but no senate approval needed
  • only good for as long as that person is president
91
Q

executive privilege

A

claim that communication b/w president and advisers should not be reveled

92
Q

US vs Nixon

A

tested executive privilege

93
Q

i

what influences presidential approval

A
  • partisanship
  • going public
  • media coverage
  • economy
94
Q

honeymoon

A

high levels of approval early in presidencty, followed by decling support

95
Q

rally around the flag

A
  • sudden increase in public approval of president that occurs in response to dramatic events
  • like 9/11
96
Q

22nd amendment

A

limits president to 2 terms

97
Q

qualifications for presdident

A
  • natural born citien
  • permanaent resident for at least 14 yrs
  • 35 yrs of age
98
Q

qualificatoin for house

A
  • elected every 2 yrs
  • 25 yrs old
  • citizen 7 yrs
99
Q

qualification for senate

A
  • every 6 yrs
  • staggered terms
  • 30 yrs old
  • citizen for 9 yrs
100
Q

implied powres

A

necessary and proper clause

101
Q

inherent powers

A

power claimed by president that are not expressed in the consittutino by are inferred from it

102
Q

cabinet

A
  • the secretaries of major department of federal gov’t
  • appointed by president with consent of senate
103
Q

dobbs vs jackson womens health organization

A
  • debated if bannign all abortion after 15 weeks unconstituational
  • ruling that constitution does no confer right to abortion
  • overturn Roe v Wade and planned parenthood of sourtheastern PA v Casey
  • states are still affected by overturn of this debating different access
104
Q

features of federal courts

A
  • autonomy
  • hierarchical structure
  • judicial review
  • lifetime appointments
105
Q

criminal law

A
  • involve violation fo law desined to protect public health, safety, and morals
  • gov’t can charge person wit violaiton these laws
  • plaintiff: person binging complaint, always gov;t
  • defendant: person alleged to have committed crime
  • loser: may be fined or prison
106
Q

civil law

A
  • dispute between ppl, gorups, corporations, or gov’t
  • losers: no prision, may pay damages
  • plaintiff: brings complaint
  • degendant: who comlaint is against
107
Q

plaintiff

A

individual or organization bring the complaint

108
Q

defendant

A

person alleged to have committed the crime

109
Q

contract cases

A

debates if a contract was violated and what the punishment should be

110
Q

tort cases

A

individual alleges they were injued by another negligence

111
Q

what are two examples of civil cases

A
  • contract cases
  • tort cases
112
Q

how do the courts decide

A
  • constitution: depending on court case, may be state or US constitution
  • statues or laws
  • legal precedents
  • stare decisis
113
Q

precedent

A

principle set in prior case that is used as basis for decision in current case

114
Q

stare decisis

A

decisions on previous court applies in similar cases until decision is overruled

115
Q

senatorial courtesty

A
  • president checks with senators from state where judge will be located
  • ## mianly senior senator from that presidents party
116
Q

due process of law

A

consitutional requirement that gov’t acts they can not deny ppl of liberty, property interest, etc

117
Q

trial court

A

1st court to heat criminal civil case

118
Q

court of appeals

A
  • court that hears appeal of trial courts
  • appellant must show legal error in trial court
  • no new witnesses or evidence
119
Q

supreme courts

A
  • highest court in state or US
  • most cases never make it to trial
120
Q

jurisdiction

A

sphere of courts power and authority

121
Q

original jurisdiction

A

authority to initially consider a case

122
Q

standing

A

person involved must have stake in the outcome

123
Q

mootness

A
  • is it still relevant?
  • does it still require a resolution?
124
Q

rule of 4

A

choosing what cases the Sup Ct. hears, at least 4 of 9 judges agree to review the case

125
Q

writ of certiorari

A

primal request to have Sup Ct. review

126
Q

amicus curiae

A

ppl who are not parties to a lawsuit but who seek to assist Sup Ct. in reaching decision in presenting additional briefs

127
Q

judicial restraint

A
  • strict interpretation of constitution
  • refuse to go beyond words of constitution when interpreting
128
Q

juidicial activism

A
  • go beyond words of constitution and consider broader societal implications
  • consider what it menat in current time
129
Q

plea bargain

A

defendant pleads guilty to reduce severity of charge or sentence

130
Q

habeas corpus

A

protects against arbitrary gov’t detention of individuals

131
Q

solicitor general

A

top of gov’t lawyer in all cases before the Sup Ct. where the gov’t is a party

132
Q

caucus

A

a normally closed political party business meeting of citizens or lawmakers to select candidates, elect officers, plan strategy, make decisions regarding legislative matters

133
Q

why dont specific policy stances matter all that much for vote choice

A
  • too much effort required
  • ppl arent interest
  • ppl dont have opinion on many issues
  • policy positions of voters often influenced by candidates rather than policy positions influencing candidate selection
  • candidate dont always make stance clear
134
Q

candidate characterisitcs

A
  • these matter more in electoins where ppl are unfamiliar with candidate
  • evaluations of trait are shaped by partisanship
  • traits may matter more in primaries
135
Q

why is their fewer campaigns opportunities for persuasion in general presidential elections

A
  • candidate and parties are known
  • roughly equal resources
136
Q

why can primary campaign have larger effects on vote choice

A
  • cant rely on party id
  • less known about cnadidate
  • huge difference in resources b/w candidates
137
Q

bandwagon effect

A

builds momentum

138
Q

why can the house, senate, state/local campaigns have larger effects vote choice

A
  • less familiarity with candidates
  • disparities in resources
139
Q

campaign stategies

A
  • reinforce exisiting attitudes: solidify support, mobilize base
  • priming: after criteria so ppl use them in evalutations of candidate
  • persuade the few that are persudable
140
Q

campaigns are effective at what

A

mobilzing voter turnout and not as good at changing vote choice

141
Q

what are the effects of logrolling

A
  • increasingly partisan
  • leads to large amounts of spending
  • ppl tend to like member of congress but dislike congress as a whole
142
Q

credit claiming

A

politicians taking credit for bills they do not support or vote for

143
Q

what is needed for homogenous districts

A

geographic sorting + partisan gerrymandering + partisan polarization

144
Q

homogenous districts

A

similar (like districts that are all one party)

145
Q

partisian gerrymandering

A

redrawing district boundaries to help both parties

146
Q

geographic sorting

A

moving/living by ppl like them

147
Q

which is more likely to be a trustee: the house or senate

A

senate

148
Q

committees

A

the “workhorse” of congress

149
Q

the process of the bill

A
  • bill must be formally introduced by a member of congress
  • idea/language for bill can come from: rep., lobbyist, interest group, state legislature, ordinary citizen, president
150
Q

previous question motion

A

allowed majority vote to end debate and have a vote on the underlying measure

151
Q

is gerrymandering illegal

A

no unless it is being done based on race

152
Q

immmunity

A

these could have huge implications for presidential power

153
Q

what is the real presidnetial power

A

the power to persuade

154
Q

what is considered the least dangerous branch

A

judicial branch

155
Q

what do the courts matter

A
  • hearing on presidential immunity
  • partisan gerrymandering
  • legality of gay marriage
  • access to abortions
  • most interact with lower-levels of courts
  • live impacted by decisions of courts
156
Q

autonomy in the courts

A

the courts are seperate from congress and the president

157
Q

judicial review

A

court power to determine if something is consitutiontal or unstitutional

158
Q

lifetime appointments

A

fedreal judges

159
Q

what differs in appointment process and length

A

the different levels of courts

160
Q

what level of gov’t do most court cases occur

A

state and local level

161
Q

what are the two philosphies

A
  • judicial restraint
  • judicial activism
162
Q

what are the different types of courts

A
  • trial court
  • court of appeals
  • supreme courts
163
Q

what does the supreme court have in original jurisdiction

A
  • between the US and state
  • between 2 or more states
  • involving foreign ambassadors
  • brought by 1 states against citizens of another state and country
164
Q

how does the supreme set their agenda

A
  • they get to chose it and the ones they get to deal with and hear
  • not all of them have to agree; rule of 4

Pols 110 (2 decks)

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