exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
vote choice
A
expression of an evaluation of candidate; an attitude
2
Q
voter turn out
A
percentage of eligible ppl who actually vote
3
Q
reasons why ppl vote
A
- sense of civic duty
- expressive benefit
- want to influence the gov’t
- habit
4
Q
electorate
A
ppl who vote
5
Q
what impacts voter turnout
A
- individual characteristics (like registered, income, eduction, party strength, voting before)
- political interest
- environmental forces (phone calls, close elections, social pressure, the election type)
6
Q
how we measure voter turnout
A
the VAP method and the VEP method
7
Q
VAP method
A
- number of voter / voting age population
- could be misleading bc not everyone who is of age is eligible; like felons
8
Q
VEP method
A
- number of voter / voting eligible population
9
Q
felony disenfranchisement
A
- over 4 million felons in US denied right to vote
- states get to decide
10
Q
effect of same day registration
A
can increase voter turnout
11
Q
what influences vote choice
A
- election type: president vs lower offices, general (dem vs rep) or primary (dem vs dem; rep vs rep)
- other factors: partisanship, incumbency, name recognition, retrospective evaluations, prosepective evaluations, policy positions, candidate characterisitcs
12
Q
primary election
A
- no one wins, they vote for who they want on the ballot for their party in the general election
- voters are stronger partisans; more interested
- candidates often race to extremes
13
Q
general election
A
- regular electoin of candidates
- candidate must do balancing act: win over persuadable voters and maintain the base
- partisan base will not vote for the other person or vote at all
14
Q
retrospective voting
A
relying on past performance
15
Q
prospective voting
A
based on predictions on how future will perform
16
Q
issue publics
A
- ppl with strong opinion on issues
- learn candidate stances on that
- issue and vote based on that
17
Q
when can campaigns influence vote choice
A
- when candidate relatively unfamiliar to voters
- when one side has a lot more resources
18
Q
incumbency advantage
A
advantage that an individual currently in office has over the challenger candidate
19
Q
wedge issues
A
- used to drive wedge between voter and thier preferred candidate
20
Q
what is the wedging method
A
- isolating an issue where voter disagrees with thier preferred candidate
- convince them issue is extremely important; make cnadidate stance slear
- strategically prime this issue
21
Q
microtargeting
A
isolate persuadable voters
22
Q
campaign priming
A
more cnadidate talk about issues, the more the citizens use them in their evaluations of candidate
23
Q
cross-pressures
A
- two or more beliefs, identities, or issues positions that pull a vote in different partisan directions
- getting ppl ambivalent is first step
- reinforce existing attitudes
24
Q
re-districting
A
process of drawing electoral district boundaries
25
gerrymandering
political manipulatin of electoral district boundaries with intent to create advantage for a party
26
methods of gerrymandering
- cracking: splitting similar voters so they have to vote in different districts
- packing: group voters into one category so they have less of an impact
- hiajacking: ??
27
rucho vs common cause
court ruled partisan gerrymandering is legal, the federal courts cannot review allegations
28
insurrection
violent attack on govt
29
protest
participation that involves assembling crowds to confront govt organization
30
suffrage
the right to vote
31
digital political participation
acitivites designed to influence politics using the internet
32
socioeconomic status
status in society based on level of education, income, and occupation of a person
33
midterm elections
general elections that are held near midpoint of presidents 4 yr term in office
34
closed primary
only ppl who are registered members of policial party may vote the ballor of that political party
35
open primary
primary election in which any registered voter can vote in any party's primary
36
frontloading
states hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention
37
party platform
-goals supported by party to appeal to public
- purpose of getting public support and votes about a topic
38
campaign
effort by a political candidate and their supporters to win backing of donors
39
incumbent
a candidate running for re-election to a posititon that a cnadidate already holds
40
goal of member of congress
primary goal is to get re-elected
41
pork barrel legislation
- money for projects that may not be truly needed
42
why is pork barrel legislation a thing
- ppl like when their lawmaker gets money fro projects in thier district
- they are all doing same things to get elects
43
logrolling
agreements b/w lawmakers to vote for one anothers bills
44
consitutency
residents in the area from which an offical is elected
45
geographic sorting
moving/living by ppl like them
46
homestyle
how lawmakers present tehmelves to their consittuency
47
layers of consittuency
- geographic
- re-election
- primary
- personal
48
delegate
do what their constituency wants
49
trusteee
do whay they think is best
50
descriptive representation
extent to which a gov't looks like the ppl it represents
51
standing committee
permanent committees on particular subject
52
select committee
- temporary
- investigate an issue not within the jursidiction of existing committees
53
confernece committee
joint committee with members of HoR and Senate to work out a compromise
54
seniority and comittees
committes are usually chaired by the most senior member of the majority party
55
bill introduction
- bill can be introducedby the house or senate
- execpt bills for raising revenue: must be introed in house
- most die in committee
- only 2-5% of bill introed each yr become law
- big piece do not flow thorugh standard format: many merged and edited
56
committee mark-up
re-writing legislatoin based on hearing
57
closed rule
houe rules committee limits or prohibits the intro of amendments during debate
58
open rule
house rule committee permits floor debate and amendments
59
filibuster
- tactic used in the senate
- talk a bill to death; or until changes are made
60
cloture
- ends a filibuster
- requireds 60 senators or 3/5
61
veto
- not turned into law
- can be overridden by 2/3 vote of each house of congress
62
pocket veto
if president doesnt act on piece of legislatoin passed during final 10 dyas og legislative session, the bill is considered vetoed
63
how congress votes
- vote with party 90% of the time
- logrolling
- committee assignments
- access to floor
- whip system
- polarization
- interest groups
64
oversight
use hearing and investigations to control activites of executive agenicies
65
advice and consent
approve treaties and appointments made by the president
66
nuclear option
suspend the cloture rule for hte supreme court nominee
67
impeachment process
- congress has power over president, VP, judges, and other federal officials
- charge them with "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors"
- four presdients have faced impeachment (2 actually)
68
susbstantive representation
occurs when representatives opinions and actions reflect the wishes, needs, and interest of the ppl they represent
69
speaker of the house
- chief presiding officer of the house
- speaker is most important party and house leader and can influence legislative agenda, fate of individuel pieces of legislation, and member position within the house
70
majority leader
- the elected leader of majority party in house or senate
- in house leader is subordinaate in party hierarchy to speaker of the house
71
minority leader
elected leader of minority party in the house or senate
72
whip
party member in the house or senate responsible for coordinating partys legislative strategy, builing support ofr key issues, and counting votes
73
roll call vote
vote in which each legislator yes or no vote is recored as the clerk call the names of the members alphabetical
74
unorthodox lawmaking
set of procedures that deviates from regular order; reflects a greater level of control from party leaders and less deliberation from members
75
multiple referral
practice of referring a bill to more than one committee for consideration
76
ping-ponging
sending amendment back and forth between relevant house and senate committees to reconcile differences between bills or major measures without convening a conference committee at all
77
appropriations
amount of money approved by congress in status that each unit or agency of govt spend
78
expressed powers
specific powers granted by the consittuion to congress
79
commander in chief
the role of the presidnet as commander of national military
80
executive powers
execute and implement the laws (interpretation)
81
legislative powers
give a state of the union address; veto
82
military powers
commander in chieg
83
judicial power
grant pardons, amnesty, reprieves
84
diplomatic powers
receive ambassadors, make treaties with "advice and consent" of senate
85
what are the expressed powers
- executive powers
- legislative powers
- military powers
- judicial power
- diplomatic power
86
line item veto
courts stuck down
87
signing statments
add in interpretations; possibly alter memanig of legislation
88
executive order
rule or regulation issues by the presdient that has the effect of law
89
what are the claimed powers
- line item veto
- signing statements
- executive order
- executive privilege
90
executive agreement
- like a treaty but no senate approval needed
- only good for as long as that person is president
91
executive privilege
claim that communication b/w president and advisers should not be reveled
92
US vs Nixon
tested executive privilege
93
# i
what influences presidential approval
- partisanship
- going public
- media coverage
- economy
94
honeymoon
high levels of approval early in presidencty, followed by decling support
95
rally around the flag
- sudden increase in public approval of president that occurs in response to dramatic events
- like 9/11
96
22nd amendment
limits president to 2 terms
97
qualifications for presdident
- natural born citien
- permanaent resident for at least 14 yrs
- 35 yrs of age
98
qualificatoin for house
- elected every 2 yrs
- 25 yrs old
- citizen 7 yrs
99
qualification for senate
- every 6 yrs
- staggered terms
- 30 yrs old
- citizen for 9 yrs
100
implied powres
necessary and proper clause
101
inherent powers
power claimed by president that are not expressed in the consittutino by are inferred from it
102
cabinet
- the secretaries of major department of federal gov't
- appointed by president with consent of senate
103
dobbs vs jackson womens health organization
- debated if bannign all abortion after 15 weeks unconstituational
- ruling that constitution does no confer right to abortion
- overturn Roe v Wade and planned parenthood of sourtheastern PA v Casey
- states are still affected by overturn of this debating different access
104
features of federal courts
- autonomy
- hierarchical structure
- judicial review
- lifetime appointments
105
criminal law
- involve violation fo law desined to protect public health, safety, and morals
- gov't can charge person wit violaiton these laws
- plaintiff: person binging complaint, always gov;t
- defendant: person alleged to have committed crime
- loser: may be fined or prison
106
civil law
- dispute between ppl, gorups, corporations, or gov't
- losers: no prision, may pay damages
- plaintiff: brings complaint
- degendant: who comlaint is against
107
plaintiff
individual or organization bring the complaint
108
defendant
person alleged to have committed the crime
109
contract cases
debates if a contract was violated and what the punishment should be
110
tort cases
individual alleges they were injued by another negligence
111
what are two examples of civil cases
- contract cases
- tort cases
112
how do the courts decide
- constitution: depending on court case, may be state or US constitution
- statues or laws
- legal precedents
- stare decisis
113
precedent
principle set in prior case that is used as basis for decision in current case
114
stare decisis
decisions on previous court applies in similar cases until decision is overruled
115
senatorial courtesty
- president checks with senators from state where judge will be located
- mianly senior senator from that presidents party
-
116
due process of law
consitutional requirement that gov't acts they can not deny ppl of liberty, property interest, etc
117
trial court
1st court to heat criminal civil case
118
court of appeals
- court that hears appeal of trial courts
- appellant must show legal error in trial court
- no new witnesses or evidence
119
supreme courts
- highest court in state or US
- most cases never make it to trial
120
jurisdiction
sphere of courts power and authority
121
original jurisdiction
authority to initially consider a case
122
standing
person involved must have stake in the outcome
123
mootness
- is it still relevant?
- does it still require a resolution?
124
rule of 4
choosing what cases the Sup Ct. hears, at least 4 of 9 judges agree to review the case
125
writ of certiorari
primal request to have Sup Ct. review
126
amicus curiae
ppl who are not parties to a lawsuit but who seek to assist Sup Ct. in reaching decision in presenting additional briefs
127
judicial restraint
- strict interpretation of constitution
- refuse to go beyond words of constitution when interpreting
128
juidicial activism
- go beyond words of constitution and consider broader societal implications
- consider what it menat in current time
129
plea bargain
defendant pleads guilty to reduce severity of charge or sentence
130
habeas corpus
protects against arbitrary gov't detention of individuals
131
solicitor general
top of gov't lawyer in all cases before the Sup Ct. where the gov't is a party
132
caucus
a normally closed political party business meeting of citizens or lawmakers to select candidates, elect officers, plan strategy, make decisions regarding legislative matters
133
why dont specific policy stances matter all that much for vote choice
- too much effort required
- ppl arent interest
- ppl dont have opinion on many issues
- policy positions of voters often influenced by candidates rather than policy positions influencing candidate selection
- candidate dont always make stance clear
134
candidate characterisitcs
- these matter more in electoins where ppl are unfamiliar with candidate
- evaluations of trait are shaped by partisanship
- traits may matter more in primaries
135
why is their fewer campaigns opportunities for persuasion in general presidential elections
- candidate and parties are known
- roughly equal resources
136
why can primary campaign have larger effects on vote choice
- cant rely on party id
- less known about cnadidate
- huge difference in resources b/w candidates
137
bandwagon effect
builds momentum
138
why can the house, senate, state/local campaigns have larger effects vote choice
- less familiarity with candidates
- disparities in resources
139
campaign stategies
- reinforce exisiting attitudes: solidify support, mobilize base
- priming: after criteria so ppl use them in evalutations of candidate
- persuade the few that are persudable
140
campaigns are effective at what
mobilzing voter turnout and not as good at changing vote choice
141
what are the effects of logrolling
- increasingly partisan
- leads to large amounts of spending
- ppl tend to like member of congress but dislike congress as a whole
142
credit claiming
politicians taking credit for bills they do not support or vote for
143
what is needed for homogenous districts
geographic sorting + partisan gerrymandering + partisan polarization
144
homogenous districts
similar (like districts that are all one party)
145
partisian gerrymandering
redrawing district boundaries to help both parties
146
geographic sorting
moving/living by ppl like them
147
which is more likely to be a trustee: the house or senate
senate
148
committees
the "workhorse" of congress
149
the process of the bill
- bill must be formally introduced by a member of congress
- idea/language for bill can come from: rep., lobbyist, interest group, state legislature, ordinary citizen, president
150
previous question motion
allowed majority vote to end debate and have a vote on the underlying measure
151
is gerrymandering illegal
no unless it is being done based on race
152
immmunity
these could have huge implications for presidential power
153
what is the real presidnetial power
the power to persuade
154
what is considered the least dangerous branch
judicial branch
155
what do the courts matter
- hearing on presidential immunity
- partisan gerrymandering
- legality of gay marriage
- access to abortions
- most interact with lower-levels of courts
- live impacted by decisions of courts
156
autonomy in the courts
the courts are seperate from congress and the president
157
judicial review
court power to determine if something is consitutiontal or unstitutional
158
lifetime appointments
fedreal judges
159
what differs in appointment process and length
the different levels of courts
160
what level of gov't do most court cases occur
state and local level
161
what are the two philosphies
- judicial restraint
- judicial activism
162
what are the different types of courts
- trial court
- court of appeals
- supreme courts
163
what does the supreme court have in original jurisdiction
- between the US and state
- between 2 or more states
- involving foreign ambassadors
- brought by 1 states against citizens of another state and country
164
how does the supreme set their agenda
- they get to chose it and the ones they get to deal with and hear
- not all of them have to agree; rule of 4
