exam 2 second study guide Flashcards
1
Q
civil liberties
A
protection from the gov’t of what they cannot do
- in the constittution
2
Q
civil rights
A
what the gov’t must do
3
Q
social movements
A
campaigns brought by disadvantage populations in support of political goal
4
Q
collective action
A
process of a groups of ppl organizaing and acting based on same goal
5
Q
equal protection clause
A
equal protectoin of the law to all americans
6
Q
burden of proof
A
responsibility to show evidence in support of claim in court
7
Q
discrimination
A
use of unreasonable exclusion
8
Q
13th amendment
A
abolished slavery
9
Q
14th amendment
A
equal protections and due process
10
Q
15th amendment
A
gave african american men right to vote
11
Q
19th amendment
A
gave women right to vote
12
Q
jim crow laws
A
laws and policies that dicriminate against african americans
13
Q
give example of jim crow laws
A
- no interracial marriage
- literacy test
- segregation of schools
- segregation of public accommodations
14
Q
separate but equal clause
A
public accommodatoin could be segregated by race and still be equal
15
Q
Plessy v ferguson
A
- lousianaa had “seperate car act”
- plessy sat in white car
- supreme court sided with lousiana since this upheld seperate but equal clause
16
Q
brown v board of education
A
- wanted to go to school closer, but it was an all white schools
- overthrew seperate but equal clause
- started integration of public schools
17
Q
strict scutiny
A
test by supreme court in racial discrimination cases that place burden of proof on gov’t to show law WAS CONSTITUTIONAL
18
Q
de jure
A
- by law
- legally enforced
19
Q
de facto
A
- by fact
- no legal enforcement
20
Q
civil rights act of 1964
A
prhoib practice of racial segregation in public schools
21
Q
civil liberties act of 1988
A
- forced and removed japanese ppl as injustice motivated by racial prejudice
- grante those families money for injsutice during WW2
22
Q
obergefell v hodge
A
guarantees same-sex couple right to marry in all states
23
Q
affirmative action
A
policies designed to compensate for disadvantages due to past discrimination and encourage greater diversity
24
Q
deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA)
A
immigration officals to take no action to deport law-abiding ppl who as children entered US unauthorized
25
islamophobia
fear of and discrimination against islam and the practice of it
26
public opinion
attitude about political issues
27
attitude
specific prederences
28
values (or beliefs)
basic principle that shape persons opinions about political issues
29
liberty
freddom from gov't control
30
justice
fairness or equal treatment
31
equality of opportunity
ppl should have freedom to use all thing shtey have to reach full potential
32
political ideology
ppl beliefs about framework of gov't
33
liberal
- supports gov't policies to create fairer economic system
34
conservative
- large gov't is threat to freedom
35
libertarian
- gov't policies interfere with freedom of expansion and society and hsould be involved as little as possible in economy
36
socialist
gov;t is necessary to prompt justice and reduce economic and social inequality
37
political socialization
how ppl learn about politics and form their views
38
agents of socialization
social institutions that affect attitudes
39
trickle up effect
children can influence parents political views
40
influence of parents
parents can influence childrens political views depending on how much they talk about it and how consitent they are
41
motivated reasoning
theory about how we process and respond to info
42
disconfirmation bias
putting more effort into counter arguing than supporting
43
confirmation bias
seeking info that reinforces our own
44
prior attiude
supporting arguments more than opposing arguments
45
attributoin theory
something we observe can cause influence on attitudes
46
elaboration
theory about how ppl process info and change attitudes
47
effects of public opinion on policy
public opinion tends to lead to policy change
48
effect of self-interest on attitudes
being apart of certain things can influence attitudes
49
public opinion polls
scientific tool to measure public opinion
50
simple random sample
everyone in population has equal change of being selected
51
random digit dialing
polling method where ppl selected at random from phone number list to aviod bias in sampling
52
sample error
change that sample being used does not accuratret represent population from it is drawn
53
social desirability bias
respondent report what they think is socially acceptable response instead of what they actually believe or know as true
54
selection bias
sample is not representative of population being studied
55
bandwagon effect
occurs when polling results convince ppl to support candidate indentifies as probable victor
56
media
forms of communication to convey info to large audience
57
minimal effects
media has minimal effect on changing attitude but can reinforce existing attitude
58
selective exposure
seeking out info that is same as our own
59
why selective exporusre occures
- social media
- confirmation biad
- avioding uncomfy feelings
- likeability of sources
60
agenda setting
presenting an issue more to make it seem more important than the others
61
priming
presenting an issue as more important to evaulate a candidate
62
framing
how info is presented
63
limits on framing effects
- credibility
- effects are small
- how long effect last
- competing v single frames
-
64
principled journalism
- as accurate as possible
- sources and multiple view points
65
adversarial journalism
- watchdog reporting
- media adopts hostile posture toward gov't and officals
66
citizen journalism
- news reporting and political commentary by ordinary citizens and by standers
- wider range of voices
67
opinion-drive journalism
digital blog with personal commentary and highly opinionated
68
journalism of assertion
publishing info and opinion as fast as possible with minimal concern for info before
69
journalism of affrimation
putting opinion and info consistent with consumers beliefs
70
media monopolies
corporation that control media networks
71
filter bubbles
online environment which platforms users are exposed primarily to opinions and info that confom to and reinforce beliefs as result of algorithms
72
media echo chambers
users beliefs reinforce through repetition inside closed stem of commubication
73
equal time rule
broadcasters must provide candidate for same political office with equal opportunites to communicate message to public
74
right of rebuttal
requires ppl be given opportunity to respond to personal attacks
75
political parties
organized groups that attempt to control gov't by electing thier memebers
76
parties in the electorarte
how mass public participates in party system
77
parties as organization
formal structure of political party
78
partisanship
identification with or support of particular party
79
party identification
ppl sychological ties to a party
80
ideology
set of beleifs about role of gov't
81
michigan school of thought
- partisanship is attachment like identity
- it can not change
- partisanship influence policy
82
revisionist approach
- partisanship is evaluation of party issue
- it changes all the time
- policy influence partisanship
83
proportional representation
multiple seats based on % of total vote share
84
plurality system
whoever gets most votes win
85
duvergers law
- plurality and majority system
- winner takes all
- only 1
86
affective polarization
emotional dislike of member of other party
87
negative partisanship
ppl form their opinion against political party rather than in support of one
88
retrospective voting
voting based on past performance of candidate
89
independents
ppl not alligned with political party
90
interest groups
organized groups that tries to influence policy
91
pluralism
- policts are competition between groups
- groups represent different interest
- outcomes are result of compromise
92
elite theory
- society divded among social class
- group wiht more $ dominates
93
collective goods
benifits sought by groups that are available and cannot be denied
94
free riders
those who enjoy benifits o good but did not participare to get them
95
informational benefits
provided though online communication
96
material benefits
anything that can be measured monetarily
97
solidary benefits
friendship and networking opportunities that membership provides as well as satisfactio nof working common goal
98
purposive benefits
businesses joinging trade associations to further economic interests
99
lobbying
trying to influence the decisions of gov't official
100
iron triangle
- legislature
- interst groups
- gov't agency
101
issue network
loose network of interest groups, lawmakers, agencies, and experts
