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BSCI170 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA replication model

A

semiconservatively

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2
Q

prokaryote DNA replication

A

one piece of circular DNA

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3
Q

helicase

A

unwinds the helix at the replication fork

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4
Q

singel strand binding protein (SSBP)

A

binds to a stabilizes the single-stranded templates

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5
Q

topoisomerase

A

causes single-strand breaks that allows the DNA to unwind

relieves supercoil strain by causing breaks in DNA

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6
Q

initiation

A

unwinding the DNA, starting at the origin
initiator proteins bind to the origin

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7
Q

initiator proteins

A

helicase
SSBP
Topoisomerase

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8
Q

elongation

A

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the separate strands

nucleotides come from somewhere in the nucleus

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9
Q

primer

A

RNA polymerase
gives it the free 3’ end to start

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10
Q

okazaki fragments

A

form from discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand
each fragment needs separate RNA primer

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11
Q

termination

A

all the proteins fall off and replication forks meet

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12
Q

many things can damage DNA

A

chemical assaults
x-rays
UV light
radioactive emissions
spontaneous chemical changes to nucleotides

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13
Q

Central Dogma

A

from DNA, to RNA, to protein
or RNA directly to protein

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14
Q

transcription

A

synthesis of RNA under the direction of a DNA template
initiation, elongation, termination

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15
Q

transcription prokaryotes

A

in cytosol
DNA –> mRNA
duplicates one strand to make mRNA and then re-zips the original strands

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16
Q

RNA polymerase

A

binds to the template strand, unzips the strand, and copies the coding strand which becomes the mRNA

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17
Q

promoter

A

where RNA polymerase binds, the starting location

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18
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

formed when RNA polymerase and associated transcription factors bind to the promotor

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19
Q

transcription termination in prokaryotes

A

polymerase hits terminator sequence and falls off template

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20
Q

transcription termination in eukaryotes

A

transcription continues for 10-35 more nucleotides and then transcript is cleaved from the template while polymerase continues for several 100 nucleotides

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21
Q

point mutations

A

insertion, deletion, substitution

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22
Q

silent mutation

A

does not affect protein sequence

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23
Q

missense mutation

A

codes for new type of amino acid

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24
Q

nonsense mutation

A

stop codon comes early

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25
Q

frameshift

A

insert new that changes all amino acids beyond that point

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26
Q

prokaryotic processing (transcription)

A

RNA codes for proteins ready to use right away

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27
Q

eukaryotic processing (transcription)

A

RNA must be processed in the nucleus into Pre-RNA, modifying the 5’ end and 3’ end

protects from degradation, transports to cytoplasm, recognition by ribosomes, removal of introns and splicing of exons

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28
Q

RNA splicing

A

intron punched off and exons connected together

results in mature mRNA

29
Q

domain

A

modular architecture of proteins

30
Q

importance of introns

A

regulate gene expression

31
Q

translation

A

converts the coded information into a sequence of amino acids (protein)

32
Q

codon

A

a triplet of nucleotides

33
Q

degenerate code

A

each amino acid is represented by multiple codons (the 44 are used)

34
Q

crick’s adaptor hypothesis

A

20 adaptors (one for each amino acid)

adaptor = bifunctional RNA (binds to an amino acid and has another site to bind to codon)

35
Q

where does translation get energy

A

GTP

36
Q

Translation initiaion

A

sets reading frame

37
Q

translation elongation and translocation

A

repeat elongation and translocation
protein built in N-term to C-term direction

38
Q

Termination of translation

A

stop codon, releases

39
Q

posttranslational modifications

A

folding
covalent attachments
S-S bridge
proteolytic cleavage
multi-subunit association (quaternary structure)

40
Q

protein targeting

A

proteins have amino acid signals that direct the proteins to the right place

41
Q

protein targeting compartments

A

cytosol
nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplasts
peroxisomes
endoplasmic reticulum
nuclear envelope
golgi
lysosomes
start in cytosol then move to RER

42
Q

protein targeting I

A

proteins completely synthesized in the cytosol are synthesized by free ribosomes

43
Q

Protein Targeting II

A

proteins destined for the endomembrane system or for secretion begin on free ribosomes then move to RER membrane

44
Q

constitutive gene expression

A

some genes are always expressed

45
Q

gene expression levels

A

translational…fast but energy costly
post translational…fast but energy costly
trancriptional..slower but energy efficient

46
Q

operon

A

gene cluster composed of the promoter, operator, and transcription unit that codes for an mRNA

47
Q

operator

A

overlaps promoter or between promoter and transcription
on/off switch

48
Q

transcription unit

A

genes that are read and transcribed

49
Q

negative regulation (translation)

A

genes normally on, and binding repressor turns transcription off

50
Q

positive regulation (translation)

A

requires binding of an activator protein to start transcription

51
Q

trp operon

A

repressible operon turned off by repressor proteins

52
Q

repressor (trp)

A

allosteric protein…needs a corepressor to function, so the operon is not turned off all the time even though the repressor is always present

53
Q

allosteric protein

A

active = functional
inactive = nonfunctional

binding a regulator stabilizes into:
activator = active conformation
inhibitor = inactive conformation

54
Q

tryptophan

A

allosteric effector/corepressor to activate trp repressor

55
Q

inducible operon

A

normally off because of active repressor and turned on in the presence of an inducer, which inactivates the repressor

56
Q

lac operator

A

prevents RNA polymerase from binding to promoter, but it binds to the operon without a corepressor

57
Q

trp

A

repressible
repressor normally unbound adn then binds to stop actiivty
anabolic pathways

58
Q

lac

A

inducer
normally bound stopping actively, and then unbinds to allow activity
catabolic pathways

59
Q

E. coil and glucose

A

uses glucose when available (senses with cAMP)
activates genes for lactose metabolism when lactose is present

60
Q

In what kind of molecule is the genetic code stored for SARS-CoV-2? How do mRNA vaccines help protect from future infections? Where does protein synthesis start and end for the
spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2?

A

RNA sequence
mRNA teaches your body to code for the proteins that fight the virus
starts in cytosol ends in RER

61
Q

primase

A

synthesizes an RNA primer

62
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins that help regulate transcription,
bind to DNA or other proteins to help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter

63
Q

posttranscriptional modification/RNA processing

A

splicing, capping, and addition of a poly A tail

64
Q

e site

A

exit

65
Q

a site

A

activate

66
Q

p site

A

polypeptide bond

67
Q

TATA box

A

binding site for transcription factor in promoter

68
Q

RNA Processing example

A

Retinitis Pigmentosa results from the wrong assortment of exons

69
Q

DNA accessibility example

A

Calico cats color is due to random inactivation of x chromosomes

BSCI170 (4 decks)

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