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BSCI170 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

DNA replication model

A

semiconservatively

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2
Q

prokaryote DNA replication

A

one piece of circular DNA

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3
Q

helicase

A

unwinds the helix at the replication fork

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4
Q

singel strand binding protein (SSBP)

A

binds to a stabilizes the single-stranded templates

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5
Q

topoisomerase

A

causes single-strand breaks that allows the DNA to unwind

relieves supercoil strain by causing breaks in DNA

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6
Q

initiation

A

unwinding the DNA, starting at the origin
initiator proteins bind to the origin

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7
Q

initiator proteins

A

helicase
SSBP
Topoisomerase

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8
Q

elongation

A

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the separate strands

nucleotides come from somewhere in the nucleus

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9
Q

primer

A

RNA polymerase
gives it the free 3’ end to start

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10
Q

okazaki fragments

A

form from discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand
each fragment needs separate RNA primer

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11
Q

termination

A

all the proteins fall off and replication forks meet

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12
Q

many things can damage DNA

A

chemical assaults
x-rays
UV light
radioactive emissions
spontaneous chemical changes to nucleotides

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13
Q

Central Dogma

A

from DNA, to RNA, to protein
or RNA directly to protein

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14
Q

transcription

A

synthesis of RNA under the direction of a DNA template
initiation, elongation, termination

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15
Q

transcription prokaryotes

A

in cytosol
DNA –> mRNA
duplicates one strand to make mRNA and then re-zips the original strands

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16
Q

RNA polymerase

A

binds to the template strand, unzips the strand, and copies the coding strand which becomes the mRNA

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17
Q

promoter

A

where RNA polymerase binds, the starting location

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18
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

formed when RNA polymerase and associated transcription factors bind to the promotor

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19
Q

transcription termination in prokaryotes

A

polymerase hits terminator sequence and falls off template

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20
Q

transcription termination in eukaryotes

A

transcription continues for 10-35 more nucleotides and then transcript is cleaved from the template while polymerase continues for several 100 nucleotides

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21
Q

point mutations

A

insertion, deletion, substitution

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22
Q

silent mutation

A

does not affect protein sequence

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23
Q

missense mutation

A

codes for new type of amino acid

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24
Q

nonsense mutation

A

stop codon comes early

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25
frameshift
insert new that changes all amino acids beyond that point
26
prokaryotic processing (transcription)
RNA codes for proteins ready to use right away
27
eukaryotic processing (transcription)
RNA must be processed in the nucleus into Pre-RNA, modifying the 5' end and 3' end protects from degradation, transports to cytoplasm, recognition by ribosomes, removal of introns and splicing of exons
28
RNA splicing
intron punched off and exons connected together results in mature mRNA
29
domain
modular architecture of proteins
30
importance of introns
regulate gene expression
31
translation
converts the coded information into a sequence of amino acids (protein)
32
codon
a triplet of nucleotides
33
degenerate code
each amino acid is represented by multiple codons (the 44 are used)
34
crick's adaptor hypothesis
20 adaptors (one for each amino acid) adaptor = bifunctional RNA (binds to an amino acid and has another site to bind to codon)
35
where does translation get energy
GTP
36
Translation initiaion
sets reading frame
37
translation elongation and translocation
repeat elongation and translocation protein built in N-term to C-term direction
38
Termination of translation
stop codon, releases
39
posttranslational modifications
folding covalent attachments S-S bridge proteolytic cleavage multi-subunit association (quaternary structure)
40
protein targeting
proteins have amino acid signals that direct the proteins to the right place
41
protein targeting compartments
cytosol nucleus mitochondria chloroplasts peroxisomes endoplasmic reticulum nuclear envelope golgi lysosomes start in cytosol then move to RER
42
protein targeting I
proteins completely synthesized in the cytosol are synthesized by free ribosomes
43
Protein Targeting II
proteins destined for the endomembrane system or for secretion begin on free ribosomes then move to RER membrane
44
constitutive gene expression
some genes are always expressed
45
gene expression levels
translational...fast but energy costly post translational...fast but energy costly trancriptional..slower but energy efficient
46
operon
gene cluster composed of the promoter, operator, and transcription unit that codes for an mRNA
47
operator
overlaps promoter or between promoter and transcription on/off switch
48
transcription unit
genes that are read and transcribed
49
negative regulation (translation)
genes normally on, and binding repressor turns transcription off
50
positive regulation (translation)
requires binding of an activator protein to start transcription
51
trp operon
repressible operon turned off by repressor proteins
52
repressor (trp)
allosteric protein...needs a corepressor to function, so the operon is not turned off all the time even though the repressor is always present
53
allosteric protein
active = functional inactive = nonfunctional binding a regulator stabilizes into: activator = active conformation inhibitor = inactive conformation
54
tryptophan
allosteric effector/corepressor to activate trp repressor
55
inducible operon
normally off because of active repressor and turned on in the presence of an inducer, which inactivates the repressor
56
lac operator
prevents RNA polymerase from binding to promoter, but it binds to the operon without a corepressor
57
trp
repressible repressor normally unbound adn then binds to stop actiivty anabolic pathways
58
lac
inducer normally bound stopping actively, and then unbinds to allow activity catabolic pathways
59
E. coil and glucose
uses glucose when available (senses with cAMP) activates genes for lactose metabolism when lactose is present
60
In what kind of molecule is the genetic code stored for SARS-CoV-2? How do mRNA vaccines help protect from future infections? Where does protein synthesis start and end for the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2?
RNA sequence mRNA teaches your body to code for the proteins that fight the virus starts in cytosol ends in RER
61
primase
synthesizes an RNA primer
62
transcription factors
proteins that help regulate transcription, bind to DNA or other proteins to help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter
63
posttranscriptional modification/RNA processing
splicing, capping, and addition of a poly A tail
64
e site
exit
65
a site
activate
66
p site
polypeptide bond
67
TATA box
binding site for transcription factor in promoter
68
RNA Processing example
Retinitis Pigmentosa results from the wrong assortment of exons
69
DNA accessibility example
Calico cats color is due to random inactivation of x chromosomes

BSCI170 (4 decks)

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