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BSCI170 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid-mosaic model

A

lipids are free to move in 2D plane
proteins exist as discrete particles
proteins can move laterally in the plane of the membrane

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2
Q

transition temperature

A

temperature at which the membrane undergoes fluid-to-solid phase change
increased C=C means lower transition temperature

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3
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane
can be removed only by solubilizing the membrane
many are transmembrane (can pass all the way through)
amphipathic

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4
Q

cholesterol interaction with membrane

A

has a polar region, so it interacts with hydrophobic tails and alters interactions between adjacent fatty acid chains
reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temperatures, hinders solidification at low temperatures
fluidity buffer

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5
Q

anchored membrane proteins

A

covalently attached to lipids that insert into membrane
no exposed hydrophobic regions

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6
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

loosely bind to integral proteins or to lipids
removed without destroying the membrane
function on only one side of membrane

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7
Q

membrane carbohydrates

A

short chains of monosaccharides added to protein or lipid
attachment occurs in rough ER and glogi apparatus

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8
Q

functions of membrane carbohydrates

A

defense
protection
cell sorting

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9
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

transport
enzymatic activity
signal transduction
cell-cell recognition
intercellular joining
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matric

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10
Q

Selective Permeability

A

unlimited passage of some substances, limited to others

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11
Q

diffusion

A

movement from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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12
Q

when does transport stop

A

equilibrium

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13
Q

Channels

A

transport proteins
allows passive diffusion of molecules at all times
hydrophilic pores, no specific binding to one molecule
rapid movement of ions and water

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14
Q

Carriers

A

transport proteins
specific binding of solute
requires a conformation change
slower than channels

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15
Q

Passive Transport

A

no energy added
higher concentration to lower concentration

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16
Q

what drives passive transport

A

direction fo the electrochemical gradient

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17
Q

Active transport

A

energy added
low concentration to high concentration
only carriers never channels

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

passive movement of water across a membrane to where there are more solutes

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19
Q

Aquaporins

A

special channels used by water

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20
Q

Types of passive water movement

A

Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

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21
Q

Isotonic

A

solution around cell has the same solute concentration as inside the cell

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22
Q

Hypotonic

A

solution around cell has a lower solute concentration than inside the cell

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23
Q

Hypertonic

A

solution around cell has a higher solute concentration than inside the cell

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24
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

passive transport aided by proteins
channels and carriers

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25
Q

Ligand Gated Channels

A

specific molecule needs to bind in order to open up the channel
allows passive diffusion of molecules when signal molecule is around

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26
Q

Cotransport

A

some transport proteins can move more than 1 substance at a time

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27
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

energy usually from ATP hydrolysis, is used to pump something across a membrane to a region of higher concentration
uses ATP to transport amolecule against its concentration gradient

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28
Q

Active Cotransport

A

uses energy to transport two different things across a membrane
can move in the same direction (symport) or opposite directions (antiport)

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29
Q

Primary Active Cotransport

A

ATP hydrolysis can provide the energy to actively move two substances in two different directions

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30
Q

Secondary Active Cotransport

A

energy supplied by ATP hydrolysis to transport one ion can be stored in an ion gradient
uses stored potential energy of electrochemical gradient of one molecule to transport another

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31
Q

Bulk Transport

A

large molecules, proteins and polysaccarides

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32
Q

Exocytosis

A

bulk transport and active
cells remove materials/molecules from inside the cell

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33
Q

Endocytosis

A

bulk transport and active
material is brought into the cell
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cellular eating
cell engulfs a particle into a vesicle

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35
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking
gulp of fluid taken into vesicle
nonspecific uptake of solubilized material

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36
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

used to bring in specific molecules
ligands bind to specific receptors

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37
Q

Cell signaling

A

communication between cells in a multicellular organism

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38
Q

Juxtacrine signaling

A

adjacent/next to each other cells

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39
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

nearby cells

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40
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

electrical signal triggers release of neurotransmitter, which diffuses across synapse, and hits receptor of next nerve cells

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41
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

between distant cells
uses circulatory and endocrine system

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42
Q

What does responding to cell signaling mean

A

changing some cellular activity: gene expression, enzymatic activity, cell division

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43
Q

reception (cell signaling)

A

interaction between a receptor and its signal (ligand) is analogous to a substrate binding to an enzyme or a solute binding to a carrier

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44
Q

Lipid-Soluble Chemical Signals

A

hydrophobic
pass through the plasma membrane and bind a specific receptor in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus

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45
Q

Water-Soluble Chemical Signals

A

Hydrophilic
cannot pass through membrane
bind to specific plasma membrane receptors

46
Q

Membrane-bound receptors

A

hydrophilic, cant pass through membrane
needs transmembrane protein

47
Q

G protein coupled receptor

A

activates a G protein causing affect in a protein leading to cascade of signaling

48
Q

enzyme linked receptor

A

receptor is an enzyme that can catalyze reaction

49
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

the pathway of change where the reception of a signal triggers a biochemical response

50
Q

Protein kinase

A

an enzyme that helps catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from ATP to a protein

51
Q

Protein phosphatase

A

returns the protein to its original conformation
reverses action of kinase
allows for protein to be reused

52
Q

Second messengers

A

activated by the initial messenger and carry instructions through the cell

53
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

a second messenger
produced by cells in response to several different hormones
generated from ATP

54
Q

response in Nucleus

A

changes in gene expression

55
Q

response in cytoplasm

A

changes in enzyme activity, motor activity, or skeletal structure

56
Q

amplification

A

a small signal leads to a large response

57
Q

Specificity and Coordination

A

different cells can respond to the same signal in difference ways
one signal is tied to a different signaling pathway in a different cell

58
Q

Metabolism

A

collection of all the biochemical reactions that occur in a cell

59
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

when covalent bonds are broken or rearranged, electrons can be transferred between reactants

60
Q

reduction

A

electron is gained
reduces overall charge of molecule

61
Q

Oxidation

A

electron is lost

62
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis –> Pyruvate Oxidation –> Citric Acid Cycle –> Electron transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation

63
Q

Glycolysis

A

one 6 carbon sugar (glucose) is oxidized to two, three carbon molecules
ATP is generated by the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP to make ATP
produces pyruvate, NADH, H+, ATP

64
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

in glycolysis
ATP is generated by the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP to make ATP

65
Q

glycolysis reactants

A

Glucose, NAD+, ADP, Pi (inorganic phosphate)

66
Q

glycolysis products

A

pyruvate, NADH and H+, ATP

67
Q

Fermentation

A

oxidizes NADH to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen

68
Q

Lactate Fermentation

A

Pyruvate + NADH + H+ –> Lactate + NAD+

69
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted into acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide
Acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ –> Ethanol + NAD+

70
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

another solution for regenerating NAD+ in the presence of oxygen
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
catabolic and exergonic
electrons and H+ are removed from carbohydrates –> carbons oxidized to CO2 and electrons and H+ are added to oxygen, which is reduced to O2

71
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate –> Citrate + CoA
then 2 decarboxylations, 4 oxidations (+ 4 reductions), and 1 substrate-level phosphorylation (ATP)
regenerates starting material, oxaloacetate
twice per glucose because glycolysis produces 2 pyruvates for each glucose molecule

72
Q

Electron transport

A

high energy electrons are removed from the reduced coenzymes and their energy is extracted through a stepwise series of exergonic oxidation and reduction steps

73
Q

Respiratory complexes

A

4 large multi-protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane comprise the Electron Transport Chain

74
Q

Electron transfer

A

each one represents a redox reaction
each one is exergonic
electrons lose energy as they move away from NADH or FADH2

75
Q

Coenzyme Q/CoQ

A

accepts electrons from Complex I and Complex II and delivers them to Complex III

76
Q

ATP Synthase Complex

A

synthesizes ATP from ADP in the mitochondrial matrix using the energy provided by the proton electrochemical gradient

77
Q

which complexes transport H+

A

I, III, IV

78
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

passive movement of ions across a membrane
ATP synthesis driven by the movement of H+ across a membrane

79
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of ATP

80
Q

How much ATP does cellular respiration produce

A

32

81
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O—>C6H12O6 + 6O2
anabolic and endergonic

82
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

uses ATP and NADPH to convert inorganic carbon into sugar
product is G3P
carbon fixation –> reduction –> regeneration of CO2 acceptor

83
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

covalent attachment of inorganic carbon to an organic acceptor molecule
RuBP + CO2 –> 2 3PG *3

84
Q

C3 plants

A

plants that use carbon fixation initially

85
Q

Reduction of Carbon

A

the addition of electrons and protons and energy to make a carbohydrate
phosphorylate and reduce the products of carbon fixation
remove 1 G3P

86
Q

Regeneration of CO2 acceptor

A

reorganization and rearrangement of remaining products to regenerate the initial reactant
convert five 3C G3P into three 5C RuBP

87
Q

uses of G3P

A

starch synthesis (energy storage)
sucrose synthesis (energy transport)
oxidation of G3P in cytosol and mitochondria to generate ATP for cellular needs

88
Q

photosynthetic pigments

A

localized within the thylakoid membranes
green chlorophylls

89
Q

absorption spectra

A

the wavelengths that are absorbed by different pigments

90
Q

action spectrium

A

the wavelengths of light for which there is biological activity

91
Q

photoexcitation

A

excited state
absorption of photon by molecule
increasing energy moving from ground state to excited state

92
Q

Light Dependent Reactions

A

absorbed light energy is converted and stored transiently in two chemical forms (ATP and NADPH)

93
Q

Photosystem I

A

P700 pigment
electron from photosystem II
passes excited electron to an electron transport chain, where it is used to reduce NADP+, forming NADPH

94
Q

Photosystem II

A

P680 pigment
gets electron from H2O
passes excited electron to a second electron transport chain, where it is eventually used to reduce chlorophyll a in photosystem I

95
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

electron transport drives H+ from stroma to thylakoid space…resulting H+ gradient stores energy
H+ returning to the stroma through ATP synthase provides the free energy to drive phosphorylation of ADP

96
Q

C4 Plants

A

separate carbon fixation from where Rubsico is
carbon fixation happens twice
avoids toxic products when rubisco is exposed to O2

97
Q

CAM Plants

A

fix carbon only at night
don’t have to open stomata in daytime
cant clear out O2, so it doesn’t come in contact with rubisco

98
Q

Mendel’s experiments with peas

A

traits are inherited independently

99
Q

Morgan’s experiments with fruit flies

A

genes are located on chromosomes

100
Q

Griffith’s experiments with R and S bacteria cells

A

Transforming principles can be passed from dead to living bacteria cells

101
Q

Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod’s experiments with treating S cells

A

the transforming principle is DNA

102
Q

Hershey and Chase’s experiments with bacteriophage viruses

A

genes are composed of DNA

103
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A

an organism has equal ratios of A:T nucleotides and G:C nucleotides in all of its cells

104
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin’s image of DNA reveal

A

DNA is a helix with two strands

105
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

mitochondrial matrix…cytosol

106
Q

which process is responsible for the largest amount of ATP production during cellular respiration

A

oxidative phosphorylation

107
Q

Where does fermentation occur

A

cytosol

108
Q

where does porin occur

A

outer membrane of mitochondria

109
Q

Where does H+ Pyruvate cotransporter occur

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

110
Q

Where does pyruvate decarboxylation occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

111
Q

How is energy used to generate ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

A

indirectly from redox reactions in the electron transport chain creating an electrochemical gradient of H+ ions that drives ATP synthase

BSCI170 (4 decks)

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