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Bio 180 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Synamorphy

A

Derived traits shared by populations

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2
Q

Homology

A

Similarities between populations from ancestral traits

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3
Q

Homoplasy

A

Similarities between populations not from ancestral traits (convergent evolution, etc.)

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4
Q

Allopatry

A

“different homeland”
Speciation based on two groups from a common population losing access to each other (no gene flow)
Caused by migration (founders effect) or geographic differences (also founders effect)

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5
Q

Sympatry

A

“same homeland”
Speciation based on disruptive evolution (extremes are favored so over time, sexual isolation occurs even though they are still in the same geographic vicinity), or polyploidy (errors in meiosis/mitosis)

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6
Q

Derived Traits

A

New traits that are not found in the most common ancestor (root)

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7
Q

Ancestral (basal) traits

A

Traits shared with the most common ancestor (root); could be lost

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8
Q

Monophyletic Group

A

An ancestral species and all of its descendants

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9
Q

Parsimony

A

Choosing a phylogenetic tree based on the least amount of changes that would have to happen (path of least resistance in terms of evolution)

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10
Q

Adaptive radiations

A

Huge amounts of new species created in a short amount of time because of a new niche being opened up

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11
Q

Ecological Opportunity

A

Adaptive radiation due to a new environment being opened up

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12
Q

Morphological Opportunity

A

Adaptive radiation due to an evolution in morphology (mutation)

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13
Q

Mass exciton

A

60% of all species dying within a million years

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14
Q

Background extinction rate

A

Normal extinction rate through all of living beings’ history caused by inability of species to adapt to environment (mutation doesn’t occur)

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15
Q

Speciation

A

Caused by reproductive isolation (no gene flow) and/or divergence (mutation, drift, selection)

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16
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Two populations can interbreed to make viable and fertile offspring so they are one species
Not usable on fossils or species separated by geographical areas or asexual species

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17
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Two populations have similar forms
Not always accurate as in some species, male and female forms are very different (think birds)

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18
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Two populations are on a single tip of a monophyletic group
The tree of life isn’t complete

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19
Q

Stomata

A

Land plant adaptation
Guard cells of plants on leaves so they don’t lose water but so they can still take in CO2

20
Q

Cuticle

A

Land plant adaptation
Waxy layer protecting land plants from drying out

21
Q

Pollen

A

Land plant adaptation
Keeps sperm safe and allows them to spread without needing water

22
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

Land plant adaptation
Helps plants stand upright and acts as transport system for food and water

23
Q

Pores

A

Land plant adaptation
Allow CO2 to come in but lack guard cells as in stomata so they dry out if they are without for a while

24
Q

Hominins

A

Humans

25
Q

Chordates

A

Have notochord, muscular post anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord (all used for faster, more efficient swimming)

26
Q

Human evolution

A

Narrower jaw, increase in brain case volume, reduction of sexual dimorphism, full bipedalism, reduction of tooth size, increase in body height

27
Q

Primates

A

Eyes in front (opposed to side)
Hands grasping

28
Q

Lambda

A

Lambda=N1/N0
“for every individual in the population one year, there is lambda individuals for that individual the next year”

Greater than one: population increasing
Less than one: population decreasing
Equal to one: staying the same

29
Q

Population in the future (equation)

A

Nt = N0 * (lambda)^t

30
Q

NPP

A

Net Primary Production
Amount of growth in plants from absorbing energy from sun

31
Q

GPP

A

Global Primary Production
Amount of energy absorbed from sun (not as important as NPP)

32
Q

Resistance

A

how resistant ecosystems are to change (how long they keep going without change with abiotic changes)

33
Q

Resilience

A

how quickly ecosystems get back to normal after changing

34
Q

Biodiversity

A

measured by genetic diversity and species diversity

35
Q

Richness

A

amount of species in an area

36
Q

Diversity

A

distribution of species

37
Q

Keeling curve

A

describes how CO2 levels have been rising since the 1950s (samples taken at a university in Hawaii); goes up and down seasonally but overall positive trend

38
Q

CO2 decreases during the summer

A

Because plants are the most active with photosynthesis and are able to use that CO2 to increase biomass (dormant in winter)

39
Q

Positive feedback

A

strengthens cycle

40
Q

Negative feedback

A

weakens cycle

41
Q

Resource Use Efficiency

A

Hypothesis for biodiversity and productivity correlation - they all work together
-avoiding competition (so use other resources that are not being used)

42
Q

Facilitation

A

Hypothesis for biodiversity and productivity correlation - they all work together
-species helps another (mutualism) (plants help each other and provide resources/services)

43
Q

Sampling Effect

A

Hypothesis for biodiversity and productivity correlation - they all work together
-random chance (it really doesn’t matter, they just happen to be diverse)

44
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

where a species could live in theory (abiotic factors)

45
Q

Realized Niche

A

where a species actually lives due to factors (biotic factors: competition)

46
Q

If 2 species’ fundamental niches overlap…

A

Selection to realized niches or extinction of weaker species

47
Q
A

Bio 180 (3 decks)

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