Exam 3

Question 1

Normal spine curves and alignment

Answer 1

Optimal posture involves symmetry, alignment and balance.
There is no such thing as perfect posture! Our bodies are
designed for variation in our positions

Question 2

Normal pelvic alignment

Answer 2

joint is extended,

Question 3

What comprises the myofascial core

Answer 3

these muscles support the movement of limbs and make a scaffold for the body
Bottom: pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm
► Top: respiratory diaphragm
► Front and sides: abdominal muscles and fascia
► Back and sides: Spine muscles and fascia

Question 4

What happens over time with poor postural alignment

Answer 4

Hyperkyphosis – rounded back posture
► Hyperlordosis – excessive low back extension
► These two can go together
► Swayback posture – hips thrust forward
Forward head posture – upper cervical spine extended,
lower cervical spine flexed, can displace the TMJ
► Rounded shoulders – tight pec minors, weak rhomboids
and middle traps
► Shoulder elevation – Tight upper traps/levator scapula
unilaterally
Hyperextended knees - Locked
knees
► Hyperpronation
► Genu varum – bowlegs
► Genu valgum – knock knees

Question 5

Be able to identify normal and abnormal alignment of the spine in images (see the posture
lecture)

Question 6

know the parts and order of the gait cycle and roughly what ROM is occurring in normal gait
cycle in LEs – don’t worry about abnormal gaits

Answer 6

Step: the smallest component of
the gait cycle
Stride = Gait Cycle: the events
that happen between the time
that one foot touches the
ground and the time it touches
the ground again (made up of
two steps)
Step length: the distance
between 2 heel strikes
Stride length: The distance
traveled in the gait cycle

see diagram

Question 7

ankle

Answer 7

Bones- talar, subtalar and mid-tarsal
b. Joint motions/planes/axes- talocrural joint (20-30 degrees, lower on lateral side by 7 degrees)
subtalar joint- for ankle inversion-eversion,
c. Normal ranges (remember you have your own body to estimate these with)
d. Prime mover muscles and their antagonists-
Anterior compartment- Tibialis anterior
 Extensor
digitorum longus
 Extensor hallucis
longus
 Fibularis tertius

Posterior Compartment- for human locomotion and power
Deep layer:Tibialis posterior
 Flexor digitorum longus
 Flexor hallucis longus

Superficial layer: muscles combine to form the Achilles tendon for
pushing off and jumping actions
 Gastrocnemius
 Soleus
 Plantaris (minor contributions)

e. Any specific injuries we discussed for that joint- plantar fascitits

Question 8

knees

Answer 8

bones-

b. Joint motions/planes/axes-

c. Normal ranges (remember you have your own body to estimate these with)

d. Prime mover muscles and their antagonists-
Quadriceps
 Vastus medialis
 Vastus lateralis
 Vastus intermedius
 Rectus femoris
 Hamstrings
 Biceps femoris
 Semitendinosus
 Semimembranosus
 Sartorius
 Popliteus
 Gastrocnemius
 Plantaris

e. Any specific injuries we discussed for that joint

Question 9

Hips

Answer 9

Bones
b. Joint motions/planes/axes-
Ball & socket (tri-axial) type
of joint permitting motions
in 3 planes
Flexion-hyperextension
Abduction- adduction
Internal-external rotation
Circumduction- all 3 motions

c. Normal ranges (remember you have your own body to estimate these with)
d. Prime mover muscles and their antagonists
Flexion
 Prime mover: Iliopsoas, rectus
femoris

Extension
 Prime mover = hamstrings

Abduction
 Prime movers: Gluteus
medius and minimus

Adduction
 Prime mover: adductor
longus

internal rotation
 Prime movers: Gluteus
medius and minimus

External rotation
 Prime movers: the group of
small muscles sometimes
referred to as the deep
external rotators: piriformis,
obturator internus, gemellus
and quadratus femoris

e. Any specific injuries we discussed for that joint

Question 10

shoudler