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envs 237 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

types of water issues

A

water scarcity - not having enough drinking water
water quality - polluted vs unpolluted water
water management/flow - how humans impact water

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2
Q

role of evaporation in hydrological cycle

A

evaporation pulls water from the surface of the earth, and returns it to water in the air

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3
Q

role of transpiration in hydrologic cycle

A

transpiration takes water from leaves and returns it as water in the air

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4
Q

role of infiltration in hydrologic cycle

A

filters water through layers of soil, cleaning it, and returning it to the ground

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5
Q

polarity - like dissolves like

A

polar molecules attract other polar molecules

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6
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

atoms are not shared equally between two atoms
electronegativity difference = less than 1

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7
Q

non-polar covalent

A

atoms are shared nearly equally between two atoms
electronegativity difference = greater than 1

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8
Q

intermolecular bond

A

hydrogen bonds (bonds between two molecules)

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9
Q

hydrogen bond

A

because of polarity, two water molecules are attracted to each other

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10
Q

how to predict polarity of bond based on electronegativity values of elements in the bond

A

how this can be used to determine polarity
7a column is most electronegative at the top, going to least electronegative in 1a column

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11
Q

molarity (M)

A

moles/liters

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12
Q

convert between concentration units for liquid solutions

A

mass solute/mass solution
mass solute/volume solution
particle solute/volume solution

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13
Q

use molar mass to convert between mass/volume and molarity

A

PRACTICE

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14
Q

micro grams and miligrams

A

micro = parts per billion
milli - parts per million
ONLY IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

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15
Q

ppm for gas vs for aqueous solutions

A
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16
Q

chemical formula for ionic compounds between two ions

A

cations come first, add ide to anions, the number of cations and anions are fixed

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17
Q

identify charge of an element based on chemical name

A

practice problems

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18
Q

polar molecules and regions of a molecule

A

soluble in water
OH- groups make molecules soluble

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19
Q

why might larger molecules be more soluble in water

A

the bonds are weaker because the molecule is larger?

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20
Q

how solubility influences the movement of a substance in the environment

A

more soluble = more able to move through the environment

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21
Q

bases

A

neutralize H+ ions by releasing OH- ions
can absorb H+
(acids release H+)

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22
Q

dissociation reaction for acids and bases

A

acids - HCl –> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
bases - NaOH –> Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

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23
Q

examples of strong acids

A

HCl

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24
Q

examples of strong bases

25
examples of weak acids
CHOOH
26
use logs to convert between concentration of H+
pH=log[H+] [H+] = 10^-pH
27
examples of weak bases
NH3
28
use definition of pH to compare H+ between two solutions of different pH
the difference in pH levels (through subtraction) is the power to which one is larger
29
write neutralization reactions between acids and bases
H2O=H+ + OH-
30
determine pH from H+ or H+ from pH
practice problem
31
use pH definition and water equilibrium to determine concentration of OH_ in a solution based on H+ or pH
practice problem
32
acid formation reaction for carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O
33
carbonate
mineralized form of carbon
34
bicarbonate
HCO3
35
carbonic acid
H2CO3
36
acid dissociation equilibrium reactions
practice problem
37
how can bicarbonate and carbonate act as bases
carbonates can accept a hydrogen in H2O which gives them an OH molecule
38
how does calcium carbonate help maintain ocean pH of 8.0
if calcium carbonate acts as a base, then the addition of calcium carbonate would increase pH
39
why is rain naturally acidic
carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid which makes rain acidic
40
combustion reactions that produce SO2 and NO
41
reactions that form SO3 and NO2
42
acid formation reactions for sulfuric acid
H2O + SO3 --> H2SO4(aq)
43
acid formation reactions for sulfurous acid
H2O + SO2 --> H2SO3 (aq)
44
acid formation of nitric acid
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 --> 4HNO3 (aq)
45
role of ozone in formation of nitric acid in atmosphere
46
how much of a pollutant may be formed during combustion based on the quality of coal combusted
practice problems
47
D.O.
dissolved oxygen temperature dependent mg/L
48
conductivity
ions in the water (dissolved salts) dissolved minerals
49
turbidity
measures total suspended solids algal growth mg/L
50
mercury
heavy metal coal mining
51
nitrogen and phosphorous
NH4, NO3, NO2, PO4 fertilizer runoff
52
B.O.D.
biological oxygen demand natural organic matter wastewater treatment plants
53
Benzene
marker of persistent pollutants gas leakage
54
fecal coliform
pathogens CAFO runoff sewage overflow
55
water hardness
concentration of Ca and Mg
56
B.O.D. and eutrification - how oxygen depletion occurs
more BOD = more eutrification
57
N.O.M. vs P.O.P
NOM - natural organic matter that is a part of normal ecosystem functions POP - persistent organic pollutants, accumulate in fat tissue (not broken down)
58
differences between how P.O.Ps are monotored vs other types of pollutants
pops are monotored very closely through tests other types of pollutants are easier to spot without tests
59
P.O.Ps vs heavy metals in drinking water

envs 237 (3 decks)

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