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envs 237 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

matter definition

A

occupies space, has mass, made of elements

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2
Q

mixture definition

A

homogenous (uniform) or heterogeneous (not uniform)

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3
Q

compound definition

A

more than one TYPE of atom bonded together

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4
Q

molecule definition

A

more than one atom bonded together, 2+ nonmetal atoms, compounds, or elements

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5
Q

how to find properties of an element’s atoms

A

atomic number = top left corner, atomic mass (protons+neutrons) = bottom number

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6
Q

how to solve unit analysis

A
  1. determine what conversion factors are needed
  2. write the starting fact with units as a fraction
  3. write the ending fact with units as a fraction
  4. between starting and ending, write the necessary conversion facts
  5. cancel unwanted units
  6. perform calculations
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7
Q

scientific notation multiplication

A

multiply coefficients and add exponents

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8
Q

scientific notation division

A

divide coefficients, subtract exponents

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9
Q

scientific notation addition

A

if exponents are very different, use the larger number

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10
Q

scientific notation subtraction

A

if the exponents are very different, use larger number

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11
Q

how to find sigfigs

A
  • non-zero digits are always significant
  • zeros between two non-zero digits are significant
  • a final zero after the decimal trailing any non-zero digits is significant
  • zeros between a decimal place and any non-zero digits are not significant
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12
Q

how to calculate right amount of sigfigs when multiplying or dividing

A

significant digits, use the least

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13
Q

how to calculate right amount of sigfigs when adding or subtracting

A

the number of decimal places, use the least

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14
Q

most prevalent gasses in atmosphere

A

N2: 78%, nitrogen
O2: 21%, oxygen
Ar: 1%, argon
Co2: .04% carbon dioxide

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15
Q

anthropogenic sources of materials in atmosphere

A

combustion, smog, second-hand

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15
Q

natural sources of materials in atmosphere

A

fires, volcanos, sandstorm

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16
Q

ambient air standards vs emissions standards

A

emissions standards regulate ambient air standards. ambient air standards protect the weakest in a population, emissions standards regulate what can be released

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17
Q

six criteria pollutants

A

carbon monoxide, NOx, SOx, O3, Lead, PM

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18
Q

health impacts for criteria pollutants

A

CO: nausea, headaches, harmful for fetal development
NOx: creates ozone and PM, formation of acid rain
SOx: lung irritant, bronchioconstrictor
O3: bronchioconstrictor, inflames eyes
Lead: damage to nervous system, learning problems
PM: inhibits lung functions, OR 2.5, travels into bloodstream

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19
Q

sources of criteria pollutants

A

CO: combustion
NOx: combustion
SOx: volcanos, combustion
O3: reactions between pollutants (second-hand)
Lead: soil, air
PM: combustion, fires

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20
Q

how to calculate exposure

A

exposure = concentration of pollutant x length of time x inhalation rate

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21
Q

combustion reaction for C

A

C+O2–>CO2+H2O

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22
Q

combustion reaction for H

A

CH4+O2–>CO2+H2O

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23
Q

combustion reaction for S

A

S+O2–>SO2

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24
Q

combustion reaction for N

A

N2+O2–>NO

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25
Q

incomplete combustion reaction

A

C8H18+O2–>CO+H2O

26
Q

secondary reactions for formation of SO3

A

SO2+O2–>SO3

27
Q

secondary reactions for formation of NO2

A

NO+O2–>NO2

28
Q

industrial smog vs photochemical smog

A

industrial: direct emissions, primary pollutants
photochemical: sunlight fueled chemical reactions

29
Q

reaction for photochemical smog

A

NOx+sunlight+VOCs–>O3+PM

30
Q

role of light in smog reactions

A

light fuels photochemical smog

31
Q

components and factors of photochemical smog

A

NOx and sunlight and VOCs

32
Q

how weather conditions impact air quality

A

rain can make air clearer, it pulls pollutants out of air
less sun means less photochemical smog
temperature inversion: cool air gets trapped under warm air

33
Q

sources that contribute to different air pollutants

A
34
Q

solar energy budget

A

we can account for all the energy coming into our atmosphere and leaving our atmosphere

35
Q

steps of the greenhouse effect

A
  1. incoming solar energy is visible light or UV
  2. light that is absorbed by materials in the atmosphere or surface is then re-emitted as infrared radiation
  3. greenhouse gasses then absorb infrared radiation and convert the energy into heat
36
Q

shortwaves vs longwaves

A

shortwaves: visible light, UV (incoming)
longwaves: infrared radiation (outgoing)

37
Q

radiative forcing

A

warming: positive radiative forcing
cooling: negative radiative forcing

38
Q

what kinds of radiation are available at different atmospheric levels

A

UVA goes into troposphere
UVB can be absorbed in stratosphere but can make it to troposphere
UVC is absorbed in stratosphere

39
Q

energy of photon based on wavelength or frequency

A

E=hc/wavelength

40
Q

dobson unit and how is measures ozone

A

measures all ozone above the instrument, column of air is compressed into a slab of pure ozone and is measured based on how thick the ozone section would be

41
Q

ozone layer

A

a height in the stratosphere that has a higher concentration of ozone compared to other altitudes

42
Q

photochemical ozone formation in troposphere and chapman cycle in stratosphere

A

ozone in stratosphere is good ozone, both use wavelengths to create ozone
photochemical ozone comes from

43
Q

good up high bad nearby (ozone)

A

ozone in the stratosphere is good because it stops UVB and UVC from getting to the earth’s surface
ozone is a health hazard in the troposphere

44
Q

why does UVC never make it to troposphere (and why only UVB exposure increases in the troposphere when ozone is depleted)

A

UVC is absorbed by oxygen and ozone which is abundant in the stratosphere, UVB is only absorbed by ozone and when ozone is depleted then UVB makes its way to the troposphere

45
Q

why is the chapman cycle only in stratosphere

A

the right UV levels are only in the stratosphere which can break O2 bonds

46
Q

how to find valence electrons

A

look on the periodic table

47
Q

how to draw lewis structures

A
  1. find the number of valence electrons of each atom (add them up)
  2. determine how many electrons needed (all 8 except hydrogen and noble gasses)
  3. identify central atoms (usually C or H)
  4. draw skeletal structure with 1 line between atoms
  5. place electrons on outside first
  6. place any extras around central atom, transfer any needed electrons to an additional bond
48
Q

montreal protocol

A

legislation signed to reduce CFCs

49
Q

why is there an ozone hole over Antarctica

A

polar stratospheric clouds made of icy particles that release Cl that destroy ozone
polar vortexes

50
Q

ozone depleting substances

A

CFCs destroy ozone and also HFCs

51
Q

why Cl and Br containing compounds are banned and being replaced with HFCs

A

Cl is a radical so it is reactive

52
Q

drawbacks of HFCs

A

absorb radiation?? long lifetime

53
Q

greenhouse gas

A

any molecule in the atmosphere with 3 or more atoms

54
Q

why are GHGs three or more atoms

A

absorbed IR makes them vibrate which creates heat energy

55
Q

global warming potential

A

measures how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time

56
Q

three factors that determine gwp

A
  1. strength of absorption of infrared radiation
  2. wavelengths of IR absorbed relative to CO2 and H2O
  3. lifetime of gas in the atmosphere
57
Q

atmospheric window

A

why most outgoing IR radiation is between 8 and 15 micrometers
little to no waves can get through the window, except for the 8-15 micrometers

58
Q

ozone depletion vs climate change

A
58
Q

why ghgs that can absorb between 8 and 14 micrometers have high gwp

A

this is a window that other molecules don’t absorb wavelengths in, so there are lots of wavelengths for these range of wavelengths are absorbed in high rates

59
Q

aerosols in climate change

A

atmospheric particles that increase the atmosphere’s albedo or contribute to cloud formation
suspension of solid particles and or liquid droplets in a mixture of gas

60
Q

soot particles impact on albedo

A

decrease (usually after settling on light surfaces)

61
Q

influence on aerosols on cloud formation and the uncertainty of it as a radiative forcing

A

increasing aerosols increases droplets (clouds?) which can increase albedo because clouds reflect shortwaves (positive forcing)

envs 237 (3 decks)

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