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Bio 113 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are animals station or can they move?

A

Some animals are station but are able to move at some time in their life

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2
Q

All animals expect sponges have…

A

neurons and muscles

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3
Q

Why are scientists racing against time because of extinction?

A

Better idea to characterize species before extinct to give us better idea of extinction rate

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4
Q

What did animals evolve from and when?

A
  • protist like organisms
  • around 900 mya from common ancestor shared with choanoflagellates
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5
Q

What are choanoflagellates?

A

single-celled organisms that sometimes form colonies

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6
Q

When did first fossils of sponges appear?

A

700 mya

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7
Q

What is believed to be true about sponges evolving?

A

believed sponges were first animal to evolve

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8
Q

Why can it be messy trying to sort out animal evolution?

A
  • a lot of animals can loose traits
  • animals could seem more primative when they’re not
  • ex. people assuming whales are older than they are because they’re in the ocean
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9
Q

When did key innovations for animals arise

A

Speratic not all at once

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10
Q

What is a key innovation (definition)

A
  • a novel phenotypic trait that allows subsequent radiation and success of a taxonomic group
  • radiation is mocing into area and rapidally diversifying to fill different ecology roles or ncihes
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11
Q

Are key innovations, synapmorphies?

A
  • no
  • different from synapmorphy
  • but synapmorphy can be a key innovation
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12
Q

key innovations that helped animals evolve

A
  • multicellularity
  • deep tissue formation
  • morphological symmetry
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13
Q

multicellularity

A
  • having bigger more complex bodies because of cells starting to stick together
  • allows for different cells to have dif functions
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14
Q

deep tissue formation

A
  • muscle and nervous system start to develop so cells become more specialized
  • not every cell has same function
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15
Q

morphological symmetry

A
  • radial
  • bilateral
  • cephalization
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16
Q

unicellularity protist

A

everything protist needs to survive is in one cell

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17
Q

colonial flagellate hypothesis

A
  • one by itself
  • someone would get stick and form to each other to form these colonies
  • unspecialized flagellate cells form a hollow sphere
  • specialized reproductive spells form
  • (now cells can focus on just reproduction rather than reproduction and protecting cell etc.)
  • cells begin to fold in to make tissues
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18
Q

what is tissue?

A

layers of cells that are all made up of same type of cell

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19
Q

who has different tissues and when do they have them?

A

Animals can have different tissues during development

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20
Q

During development there are 3 different types of tissues animals can have

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. endoderm
  3. mesoderm
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21
Q

ectoderm

A

gives rise to skin and nervous system

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22
Q

endoderm

A

inside skin gives rise to lining of digestive tract

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23
Q

mesoderm

A

gives rise to the circulatory system, muscle, and internal structures such as bone and most organs

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24
Q

diploblasts

A

animals with 2 developmental tissues

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25
Q

triploblasts

A

animals with 3 developmental tissues

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26
Q

sponges have NO

A

distinct tissues

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27
Q

what is sponges main synapomorphy with other animals?

A

multicellularity and extracellular matrix: Helped animals evolve multicellularity

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28
Q

animals with radial symmetry

A

comb jellies, jellyfish

29
Q

all triploblasts are… (symmetry)

A

bilateral

30
Q

cephalization

A

development of the head

31
Q

radial symmetry organisms have

A

more complex net nerve system

32
Q

bilateral organisms have

A

CNS

33
Q

other factors that led animals to diversify

A
  • higher oxygen levels
  • higher quality food
  • evolution of predation
  • new niches beget more new niches
  • modified genes led to modifed bodies
34
Q

diploblasts have

A
  • radial symmetry
  • 2 types of developmental tissues (endo and ecto)
  • lack a mesoderm (no bones, organs)
  • ex. jellyfish, corals, sea enemies
35
Q

triploblasts have

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • 3 tissue types
  • true head with some sort of CNS
36
Q

triploblasts have 2 major subgroups

A
  • protostomes - mouth first
  • dueterstomes - anus first
37
Q

what is a protostome

A
  • mouth first then anus
  • Some animals can have one opening or some can have multiple
  • Inability of isolated early embryonic cells to develop into complete embryo
  • Formation of coelom in many groups
38
Q

Five major animal lineages in tree of life includes:

A
  1. Sponges—phylum Porifera
  2. Comb jellies—phylum Ctenophora
  3. Corals and jellyfish—phylum Cnidaria
  4. Protostomes and deuterostomes—two bilaterian lineages

Protostome are most diverse and abundant

39
Q

what is a coelom

A
  • enclosed, fluid-filled body cavity between the tubes:
  • provides a space for oxygen and nutrients to circulate
  • enables interal organs to move independently of one another
40
Q

coelomate

A

bilaterians whose coelom is completely lined with mesoderm

41
Q

within protosomes there are 2 major groups

A
  1. Lophotrochozoa
  2. Ecdysozoa
42
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A
  • grow by extending size of their body
  • Grow in little increments
  • ex. Lines on clam indicate lines of growth
43
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

shed exoskeleton to extend body or molting

44
Q
A
45
Q

why is period after molting very vunerable?

A

skeleton isn’t fully hard

46
Q

To make transition to land, new adaptations must allow protostomes to:

A
  • Exchange gasses with their environment
  • Avoid drying out
  • Hold up their bodies under their own weight
47
Q

why do protostomes have very important role in ecosystem

A
  • Can be food
  • Provide materials such a silk or pearls
  • Cause diseases and parasites
  • Use couple of them for model organisms for human health
48
Q

different eating habits

A
  • detritivores
  • herbivores
  • carnivores
  • omnivores
49
Q
A
50
Q

detritivores

A

feed on dead organic material

51
Q

herbivores

A

feed on plants or algae

52
Q

carnivores

A

feed on other animals

53
Q

omnivores

A

eat both plants and animals

54
Q

different ways to eat

A
  • suspension feeding
  • deposit
  • fluid
  • mass feeding
55
Q

suspension feeder

A

filter out food particles

56
Q

deposit feeders

A

ingest organic matter in or on subtrate

57
Q

fluid feeders

A

suck or mop up liquids

58
Q

mass feeding

A

eat large chunks of food

59
Q

jointed limbs

A

adaptation for moving - help jump and run

60
Q

wings

A

adaptation for moving- argued most important adaptation

61
Q

mollusk foot

A
  • Large muscle at base
  • Help them move through their environment
62
Q

jet propulsion

A
  • Suck water into mantle, force water out of mantle through siphon to propel
  • squids, octopi etc. do it
63
Q

asexual reproduction

A
  • split body into 2
  • fragmentation
  • parthenogenesis
64
Q

fragmentation

A

cut off piece of animal and that piece will grow into full organism

65
Q

parthenogenesis

A
  • unfertilized egg becomes devloped
  • self fertilization
66
Q

sexual reproduction

A
  • Most groups of protostomes reproduce through sexual = more genetic diversity
  • external fertilization
  • internal fertilization
67
Q

why was the evolution of muscles and nervous system important

A
  • muscle cells/tissues helped animals move and explore
  • nerve cells/tissues help animals sense thier environement
68
Q
A

Bio 113 (4 decks)

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