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Bio 1106 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

prod in the salivary glands, used in mouth, substrate is starches, and product is sugar chains

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2
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

prod in BBE cells or SMALL INT, used in stomach, substrate is carbs (spec lactose), prod is monosaccharides

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3
Q

Pepsin

A

prod in stomach (Chief cells) , used in stomach, substrate is proteins, product is polypeptides

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4
Q

trypsin

A

prod in pancreas, used in small int, substrate is protein, product is polypeptides, used in small int

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5
Q

chymotrypsin

A

prod in pancreas, used in small int, substrate is protein, product is polypeptides, used in small int

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6
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

-prod in pancreas, used in small int substrate is starches, product is shorter chains

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7
Q

lipase

A

prod in pancreas, used in small int substrate is fat, product is fatty acid monomers

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8
Q

HCL

A

prod in stomach, used for protein denaturation, activate in stomach

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9
Q

stomach mucus

A

prod and used in stomach, used for not ingesting stomach acids

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10
Q

bile salts

A

prod and used in liver, break fat into smaller drops

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11
Q

bicarbonate

A

prod in pancreas, used in small int to neutralize chyme.

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12
Q

reticulum (ruminates)

A

fermentation and storage of dense foods

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13
Q

rumen (ruminates)

A

fermentation and storage of fatty acids

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14
Q

omasum

A

abs of nutrients and water

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15
Q

abomasum

A

true stomach glandular secretions of HCL and pepsinogen

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16
Q

how many non essiental, conditionally essiental, and essiental AA are there

A

4 non essient
8 onditionally non essiental
9 essiental

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17
Q

water soluble vitamins and functions

A

-not storable
A: vision and immunity
D: Ca metabolism
E: gene expression, antioxidant nerv system??

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18
Q

fat soluble vitamins and functions

A

-storable
B: red blood cells, only prod by bacteria
C: defiency is scurvy, maintenance of iron levels for other enzymes to function immune function, coenzyme of collagen

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19
Q

pulmonary pathway in mammals

A

4 chambered heart
deoxygenated blood comes in the supioir vena cava,
then goes to right atrium, then tricuspid valve,
then the right ventricle, then the pulmonary valve,
then, the pulmonary arterty to the lungs.
then the oxygenated blood comes back in the heart with the pulmonary veins, then to the left atrium and the left ventricle, then the aortic valve, then out the aorta

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20
Q

role of plasma

A

gas transportation

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21
Q

what does EKG measure

A

path of depolarization of heart muscle tissues

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22
Q

sino- atrial node pacemaker

A

both parasympathetic and sympathetic signals

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23
Q

atrio ventricular node

A

initiates signal to ventricles

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24
Q

purkinje fibers

A

-propogate impulse wave

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25
Q

P wave

A

atrium depolarize and beat

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26
Q

QRS complex

A

-ventricular depolarization and beat

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27
Q

T wave

A

ventricles repolarize

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28
Q

blood pressure

A

Blood pressure is measured using two numbers: The first number, called systolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats. The second number, called diastolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats.

29
Q

veins

A

1 way flow, flexing of muscles can aide it, semilunar valves assist in flow back to heart

30
Q

lymph

A

plasma that comes out of blood, lymph capillaries like blood capillaries, lymph then enters lymph vessels

31
Q

papule

A

lumpy skin of echinoderms increases surface area

32
Q

gills

A

inc SA for gas exchange

33
Q

inhalation

A

diaphragm contracts, volume of thoracic cavity increases, intercostal muscles contract, pressure on inside of thoracic cavity increases

34
Q

exhalation

A

-air moves out, intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, pressure decreases

35
Q

how is breathing under control of the nervous system

A

neurons in the medulla are sensitive to partial pressure of 02 and co2, adj breathing rate

36
Q

____ is the primary indicator for increasing the respiratory rate

A

-rise in blood co2, acidifies blood, lowers pH bc of inc of carbonic acid, lower ph is detected in neurons in aorta, sends signals to resp center in the medulla, resp centers send impulses to intercostal muscles, - feedback

37
Q

hemoglobin

A

can bind 4 molecules of oxygen

38
Q

oxyhemoglobin disco curve j

A

after alvelio: 97 percent saturation, at rest 80 percent saturation, during excerize 35 percent saturation (large o2 Rez can give 02 to muscles for 4 to 5 min)
-lower Ph causes hemoglobin to release ox, higher temp Can also cause hemoglobin to

39
Q

Oxygen Dissoc curve

A

lower pH= more 02 released , higher temp= more 02 released

40
Q

myoglobin

A

-higher affinity for 02, but can only bind 1 02 molecykes, can supply additional o2

41
Q

osmosconformers

A

most sea animals, stable env, osmmotic balance is like env.

42
Q

andromadus

A

salmon, grow in the ocean and reproduce in the river

43
Q

types of nitrogenous waste

A

ammonia (direct) not soluble v toxic fish,
urea (less toxic) slightly soluble mammals birds etc
uric acid not soluble birds
least toxi c

44
Q

functions of mammalian kidney

A

filtration of blood, reabsorption of certain solutes, and secretion

45
Q

cortical nephrons

A

loop of Henley closer to surface of medulla. most nephrons are cortical nephrons.
-large role in ion secretion+ reads
-secretion: transport from body fluid into tubule system

46
Q

juxtamellary neurons

A

-deeper in cortex loop of henley, reabsorption of water+ making urine

47
Q

how blood flows through kidneys

A

afferent article (enters)
1. Bowmans capsule (fenestrated capillaries has glomerlus main source of filtration fluid ions and small molecules are forced w blood pressure into the glomerulus bc they are so small
2. proximal conv tubule
3. loop of henle
4. distil conv tubule
5. collecting duct

48
Q

What makes up the lymph system

A

The Lymphatic system consists of:
– Lymph (Plasma)
– Lymphatic organs:
* Vessels
* Nodes
* Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils
* Lymph capillaries ➔lymph vessels/nodes ➔Thoracic
Duct ➔drain into the Subclavian vein back to the
heart.
* Lymphatic vessels are anatomically similar to veins.
* Includes red bone marrow where lymphocytes are
produced.

49
Q

ADH

A

signals distal conv tubule and collecting duct to be perm to water, water is reabsorbed to body fluid by osmosis
Synthesized by adrenal cortex; controlled mainly by blood pressure.
* Lower blood pressure stimulates Aldosterone release.
* The principal action is retention of Na+ by kidneys. Where Na+ goes, so does water.
* Reverses initial stimulus by increasing blood volume, thus increasing blood pressure.
* Caffeine causes hypertension and increased metabolism resulting in higher blood
pressure hence Kidneys release dilute urine. Therefore, caffeine is a diuretic.

50
Q
A
51
Q

spleen

A

Houses B-Lymphocytes and Antibodies
* Houses macrophages that phagocytize
bacteria, old & damaged red blood cells, and
platelets.
* Stores a blood reserve.
Abdominal trauma can result in a ruptured
spleen. Its total or partial removal may lead to
reduced immune capacity.

52
Q

thymus

A

The Thymus Gland functions in immunity by
maturing and distributing
T – Lymphocytes (T Cells).
* In humans, the thymus reduces in size and
function as the immune system matures
throughout childhood.
* It continues its role in the endocrine system:
E.g. Thyroxine.
generates T&B Lymphocytes

53
Q

immflamtory response

A

Heat
2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. Possible loss of function
Inflammatory response

54
Q

lymph system

A

-lypmh passes thru nodes monitored by lymphocytes and dendtric cells metastasis is the spread of cancer

55
Q

spleen

A

largest lymph organ, houses B lymphocytes and extra blood, and macrophages that phagocytosis bacteria

56
Q

thymus

A

T cells, red in size and function as children grow

57
Q

5 immflammatory response

A

release of hisamine, swelling, redness, loss of function, pain

58
Q

innate immune response

A

-bod creating inhospitable place for bacteria, integumentary system is first line,
Integumentary system
Macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells
Ig E antibodies respond to histamine IGA internal parasites

59
Q

adaptive immunity

A

creates highly specified proteins and cells that target spec pathogens
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
leucytes, antibodies

60
Q

MHC Class 1 molecules

A

show fragments of proteins to T cells, recognizing non self cells for immune response
basis of vaccines

61
Q

humoral vs cellular immunity

A

humoral: making antibodies
cellular: Cells/ proteins attacking cell macrophages etc

62
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A

IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, IgE

63
Q

IgM

A

secreted by plasma cells, agulation: collects antigens (acquired)

64
Q

IgD

A

on surface of B cells for antigen receptor (acquired)

65
Q

IgG

A

econdary (Anamnestic) response.
Provides basis for immunization. Subsequent
response is swifter and greater in magnitude (acquired)

66
Q

IgA

A

MALT: mucosa assoc lymphoid tissue

67
Q

IgE

A

inate parasite recon and triggers histamine/ inflammation

68
Q

allergic response

A

allegers makes large resp of IgE antibodies, heighten cell sensitivity

69
Q
A

Bio 1106 (3 decks)

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