Exam 3 Flashcards
Fungi are primarily-
non-motile and obtain their nutrients by absorption, rather than ingestion
What does mycota mean
fungus-like
what does asco-, basidio-, zygo- reflect
the reproductive structures associated with that group
All fungi exhibit a sexual life cycle with-
zygotic meiosis
What are saprobic fungi
It decomposition releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere and returns nitrogenous compounds and other nutrients to the soil, thereby making these constituents available for plants, and eventually animals
mutualistic meaning
Both members benefit from the association
parasitic fungi
absorbs nutrients from living host cells
-can be pathogenic
-athletes foot
organized mass
mycelium
Each filament in mycelium
hypha
fungal hyphae
can be aseptate and conenocytic
-do not have cross-walls, instead have continuous mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei
septate hyphae
-cross walls are present
-most of the body is hidden underground or buried within its food source
-only parts exposed are reproductive structures``
Rhizopus stolonifer
-black bread mold
-live in soil or on decaying plant or animal material
they have aseptate hyphae and undergo zygotic meiosis
-spores are produced asexually by mitosis
what is the dom stage in the zygotic meiosis cycle haploid or diploid?
haploid
whats in Phylum zygomycota
-Rhizopus stolonifer
phylum zygomycota
-asexual reproduction is very common
-sexual only occurs if conditions become unfavorable for growth and if theirs two separate mating strains present
sexual rhizopus
gametangia are located on the ends of hyphae extentions
-gametangia from 2 different mating strains fuse to form a zygosporangium
-zygosporangia are thick walled and resistant
Phylum ascomycota
-many different growths
-small, unicellular yeasts
-very large complex organisms
-septate hyphae, but septa are perforated, so the cytoplasm and nuclei are still able to move freely through the hyphae
-asexual reproduction (conidia or budding)
-sexual features are defining feature of ascomycota
What is in phylum ascomycota
Penicilium
erysiphe
sordaria
peziza
Penicilium
-asexual ascomycete that reproduced by conidia
-some species play major role as the source of important drugs, like antibiotics and anti-rejection drugs, others used for cheese
sexual reproduction in ascomycota
-involves formation of a saclike structure, ascus, within which ascospores are produced following meiosis
-mostly, mitotic divition immediately follows meiosis, resulting spores are held together in the ascus until dispersal
where are asci formed?
in a complex structure called an ascocarp
What are the three types of ascocarps?
-Cleistothecium (closed and spherical)
-Perithecium (vase-shaped with a small pore at one end)
-Apothecium (cup-shaped)
-asci usually develop as a layer inside ascocarp
what type of ascocarp does sordaria have?
perithecium
What type of ascocarp does peziza have?
apothecium
Whats in Phylum basidiomycota
puffballs
mushrooms
bracket fungi
rusts
smuts
pore fungi
coprinus
agaricus bisporus
phylum basidiomycota
-have septate hyphae, but septa are perforated and surrounded by bracket-like structures
-most reproduction is sexual
-meiosis results in the production of basidiospores, from basidium
where are basidia located?
in a complex structure called basidiocarp
example of reproduction structure of a gill fungus
agaricus bisporus
mushroom
basidiocarp
stipe
stalk
lamellae
gills
annulus
collar of tissue encircling the stipe
pore fungi
mycelium inhabits the dead tree trunk
very efficient at decomposing lignin in plant tissue
-fertile lower region of the reproductive structure is organized into pores rather then on gills
-basidia line the insides of the pores and it is here where basidospores are produced and released
Puffballs, earthstars, and birds nest fungi
-basidia and nasidiospores are also produced, but basidia are enclosed in a basidiocarp
Lichens
-symbionts with other organisms
-with an alga forms lichen
-usually member of ascomycota but sometimes basidiomycota
-photosynthetic component is either nostoc, or one of about six species of green algea
-widespread in nature
-inhabit areas where neither symbiont could survive as a seperate entity
-found in arctic, deserts, on alpine peaks
-economically important as pollution indicators, natural dyes, and food for animals
What is nostoc
a blue-green bacteria
three common growth forms for lichens
crustose
foliose
fruticose
crustose
-forms a thin flat crust that is glued to the substrate
foliose
flat and leafy or round in outline; distinct upper and lower surface
fruticose
basally attached strands with hair-like, or shrub-like growth
Animals
-multicellular
-heterotropic
-most are motile in at least one stage of their life cycle
-do not possess cell walls, instead held together by structural proteins
-tissues develop from embryonic layers formed during the development of blastula and gastrulla stages
-gametic meiosis
What type of meiosis do animals go through?
gametic meiosis
gametic meiosis
gametes are haploid, rest of the stages are diploid
-every cell has two sets of chromosomes, except egg and sperm
-only multicellular stage is diploid and the products of meiosis are gametes
Animals in basal lineage of the Metazoa
-lack true tissues
-organs and body symmetry is radial or lacking
Phylum Porifera
-sponges and eumetazoa
-sessile (show little movement)
-mostly marine
-also found in freshwater environments
-feed by filtering water through pores lined with choanocytes
-water enters sponge through microscopic incurrent openings into spongocoel
-larger and more complex sponges are asymmetric and have numerous excurrent oscula
choanocytes
flagellated internal collar cells
incurrent opening
ostia
excurrent opening
osculum
sponges
secrete classy or calcareous skeletal structures (spicules)
-some lack these skeletal elements and instead have skeletons comprised of flexible proteinaceous material (spongin)
-some have spongin and spicules
Eumetazoa
-composed of definite tissues and organs
-symmetry may be radial or bilateral
-alimentary tract (if present) may have one opening (mouth) or two (mouth and anus)
-bodies may have 2 (ecto, and endo) or 3 (ecto, endo, meso) basic embryonic tissue types
-2 types of body symmetry, radially symmetrical animals and bilaterally symmetrical animals (clade bilateria)
3 basic embryonic tissue types
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
What animals are diploblastic
animals with primary radial symmetry
diploblastic
2 main embryonic tissue layers , ecto and inner endo
Mesoglea
the inner and outer layers are sperated by a thick or thin, secreted, largely or completely noncellular gelatinous matrix
Whats in Phylum Cnidaria
-jellyfish
-hydras
-corals
-anemones
Phylum Cnidaria
-all soft-bodied
-radially symmetrical animals
-bearing tentacles around a mouth opening which communicates with a pouch-like gastrovascular cavity
-gut communicates with the outside only with the mouth (no anus)
-all have stinging cells (cnidocytes) containing nematocysts
-2 basic body forms, sexual, motile, usually planktonic medusa and the asexual, nonmotile, usually sessile (attached) or sedentary (slow moving), polyp.
-both forms, but especially polyps, may be colonial
-most are marine and some are fresh water
Medusozoans
-usually quite small
-solitary or colonial
-mostly marine
-most have dom polyps
-redused medusae
-includes freshwater hydra and the incredibly complex jellyfish-like marine colony
-hydrozoan medusae disperse through jet propulsive swimming
velum
a layer of tissue around the edge of the medusa, which aids in jet-propulsion
anthozoans
-two main groups
predominate
- the large, solitary anemones are fleshy and lack any calcareous exoskeleton
corals
-live in warm, clear, tropical waters, and can form reefs
-secreate calcareous exoskeletons
Whats in phylum cnidaria
-medusozoans
-anthozoans
-
Bilateria
-triploblasic animals that show primary bilateral symmetry
-organs are well developed and organized into systems
-a body cavity (coelom) between the gut and body wall may be absent (acoelomate), partly with mesoderm (pseudocoelomate), or completely lined with mesoderm (eucoelomate)
animals exhibiting protostome development
-embryology is characterized by spiral
-determinate cleavage
-mesoderm arising from cells near the lip of the blastopore
-coelom arising as a split in an originally solid mass of mesoderm
-mouth arising from the embryonic blastopore
What 2 lineages that exhibit protostome development
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa
Lophotrochozoa
-a few display a set of ciliated tentacles called a lophophore, some members of other eucoelomate phyla in this branch have a ciliated trochophore larva
Phylum Platyhelminthes
-planarians, tapeworms
-bilateral
-acoelomate
-marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats
Planarian
-free-living
-freshwater flatworms
-cephalization
-branched gut
-mouth opens mid-ventrally at end of an eversible pharynx
Tapeworm
-scolex and hooks )anterior portion of the worm)
-long chains of segments called proglottids
-form in the region behind scolex
-male and female reproductive systems
-as proglottids age they become sexually mature and gravid (filled with eggs)
-break off and shed in feces of the host
Phylum Rotifera
-are pseudocoemlomate
-free-living
-marine and freshwater animals
-swim and feed with an anterior ciliated corona and break up food particles with complex internal jaws
-complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
What are mastax
complex internal jaws
difference between rotifera and platyhelminthes
rotifera have complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
Phylum mollusca
-bilateral
-eucoelomate protostomes that lack segmentation
-most species are marine and possess a radula
-7-8 clades
muscular foot
used for locomotion or food capture
visceral mass
contains the organ systems
mantle
a soft tissue that secretes the shell
mantle cavity
Where gills and excretory organs are located
phylum mollusca bodies are composed of:
- a muscular foot
-visceral mass
-mantle
-mantle cavity
-calcareous shell
Which clades in phylum mollusca did we study?
Polyplacophora
gastropoda
bivalvia
cephalopoda
Polyplacophora
-chitons have 8 overlapping shell plates along the dorsal midline
-foot is used as a suction cup to adhere to rocks
-radula is used to scrape algae from rocks
gastropoda
-snails and slugs
-have a single spiral shell
-bodies show torision (twisting)
-mucus is secreted to aid in locomotion
-radula used for feeding
Bivalvia
-clams, oysters, scallops, mussels
-paired lateral shells which are hinged dorsally
-radula is absent and the head is reduced
-gills are enlarged for suspension or filter feeding
-foot is used for anchorage and locomotion
Cephalopoda
-squids, octopuses, nautiluses
-head and foot are fused in this group
-shell can be muti-coloured and external (nautilus), internal (squid) or absent (octopuses)
-head is modified into tentacles for prey capture and manipulation
-foot forms a siphon that is modified for jet-propelled locomotion
Phylum annelida
-are eucoelomate
-segmented worms
-sgements usually divided internally by transverse septa, membranous paritions that seperate each segment
-most show evidence of cephalization
-closed circulatory systems
-complete gut
-2 major clades, errantia and sedentaria
What is cephalization
development of an anterior head and concentration of nervous system and sense of organs there
closed circulatory systems
-distant from heart, arteries and veins are connected by capillaries
complete gut
mouth and anus present
What are the two major clades in phylum annelida
errantia and sedentaria
What is in phylum annelida
polychaetes
earthworms
leeches
polychaetes
-marine
-lateral, fleshy parapodia beset with numerous chaetae and well-developed head appendages such as jaws, tentacles, and eyes
-are dioecious
what is dioecious
they have separate sexes
earthworms
-large freshwater or terrestrial
-lack parapodia
-very few chaetae per segment
-reduced heads and evidence of cephalization
-most are scavengers, feeding on dead organic matter, especially vegetation
-small freshwater species feed on detritus and microorganisms
-have a clitellum
-hetmaphroditic
What is clitellum
That band around worms used for reproduction
produces a mucous film important for reproduction
Hermaphroditic
having both female and male reproductive organs
leeches
-largely fresh water, but in damp terrestrial also
-lack internal septa
-dorsoventrally flattened
-lobed intestines
-posses a clitellum
-hermaphroditic
-lack chaetae, which the other two have
-most are intermittent ectoparasitic blood feeders, but some are predators or scavengers
-anterior sucker is reduced but posterior sucker is easily seen
-eyes are present
dorsoventrally flattened
body thats flat in upper and lower parts
ectoparasitic
live on the skin of host to feed on blood
Chaetae
small bristle-like hairs protruding from each segment
-normally 8 on a segment
Dorsal blood vessel- in worms
-visible through transparent skin, as a dark line on the dorsal surface
Genital pores- in worms
pair of large pores, openings of the vas deferens
-midway between mouth and ciltellum
muscular pharynx - in worms
-fuzzy surface cuz of dilator muscles extending body wall
-contraction expands the pharynx and sucks in particles of soil and detritus
crop-in worms
thin-walled sac for storage
gizzard- in worms
muscular organ for grinding food particles
typhlosole-in worms
-large rod of tissue hanging suspended in the intestine
Dorsal blood vessel-worm
dark tube overlying the digestive tract
-blood from the capillaries of each segment collects into the dorsal blood vessel and flows forward to the esophagus
ventral blood vessel-worms
small, yellowish tube running along underside of intestine
Aortic arches (hearts) in worms
5 pairs of vessels circling the esophagus
-vessels bump blood from dorsal vessel into ventral blood vessel and from there the blood flows posteriorly into the capillaries of the segments
-tiny capillaries in the skin of each segemnt serve to pick up oxygen and discharge carbon dioxide
Whats in the circulatory system in worms?
dorsal blood vessel
ventral blood vessel
aortic arches
What is in the digestive system in worms?
-muscular pharynx
-esophagus
-crop
-gizzard
-intestine
-anus
-typhlosole
What is in the nervous system in worms?
cerebral ganglia
ventral nerve cord
lateral nerves and ganglia
cerebral ganglia
brain-like pair of concnetrated nerves
-first of second segment, connects with the nerve cord beneath
Ventral nerve cord
thin, whitish cord located below the ventral blood vessel
lateral nerves and ganglia
small nerves that run into the muscles of the body wall from swollen regions on the ventral nerve cord
Whats in the reproductive system in worms?
seminal vesicles
seminal receptacles
smeinal vesicles in worms
3 large, whitish sacs, extending from segments 9-14
-sperm released from very tiny testes are released into the seminal vesicles where they mature
seminal receptacles in worms
2 pairs of small, rounded, white sacs (segments 9-10) somewhat obscured by the seminal vesicle
-receptacles receive sperm from the partner
metanephridia in worms
-one pair per segment, posterior to gizzard
-excretory organs
-coelomic fluid enters the open end of each tubule and metabolic wastes are excreted via a pore through the body wall while essential minerals and water are reabsorbed back into the coelomic fluid
Whats in the excretory system in worms?
metanephridia
cuticle in worm cross-section
-external layer protecting skin
-direct gas exchange with the environment as well as prevention from desiccation along with mucus secreted by cells in the epidermis
epidermis in worm cross section
cellular layer of tissue beneath the cuticle
circular muscles in worm cross section
thin layer of muscle tissue, which when contracted squeezes worm long and thin
longitudinal muscles in worm cross section
-thick layer of muscle tissue beneath the circular muscle, when contracted squeezes worm short and fat
chaetae in worm cross section
4 pairs of bristle- like hairs penetrating body wall; 2 lateral pairs and 2 ventrolateral pairs
intestine in worm cross section
-located centrally within coelom
typhlosole in worm cross section
-large rod of tissue in the intestine
dorsal blood vessel in worm cross section
-located above intestine
ventral blood vessel in worm cross section
-located beneath the intestine
ventral nerve cord
-beneath the ventral blood vessel consists of 2 large and 3 smaller fibers
-3 smaller fibers serve to convey urgent info (contract longitudinal muscles) very rapidly from one end of the worm to the other end
Metanephridia in worm cross section
in the ventral and lateral areas of the coelom
What are physiological adaptions for worms
secretion of coelomic fluid as lubricant faciltates the movement through a burrow
What are behavioral adaptations for worms
migration to the soil surface during periods of rain
- need for moisture
Ecdysozoa
-like the lophotrochozoa are grouped mostly based on molecular evidence
-all display ecdysis or molting of the outermost layer
Phylum nematoda
-round worms
-widespread and common
-either free-living or parasitic
-pseudocoelomate
-unsegmented
-round in cross section
-tapered at both ends
-covered by a resistant
-secreted cuticle
-lacking appendages
Phylum arthropoda
-bilaterally symmetrical
-segmented
-eucoelomate protostomes that ahve a chitinous exoskeleton
-open circulatory system
-complete digestive tract
-dorsal brain with ventral nerve cord
-paired jointed appendages
-body divdied into 3 regions, head, thorax, and abdomen though some regions may be fused
-most numerous and diverse of all animals
3 major lineages
-
What are the three major lineages of phylum anthropoda
-chelicerates
-myriapods
-pancrustaceans
Chelicerates
-4 pairs of legs plus 2 pairs of head appendages: one pair of chelicerae and one pair of pedipalps
-lack antennae
-are pincerlike and used for feeding
-pedipalps are mainly sensory but can be used in feeding, locomotion, or reproduction
Whats in Chelicerates
-spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions
-terrestrial
Spiders
Phylum arthropoda, chelicerates
-cephalothorax and legless abdomen
mites and ticks
Phylum arthropoda, chelicerates
-abdomen fused to leg-bearing region
scorpions
Phylum arthropoda, chelicerates
-elongate abdomen bearing poisonous sting
Pancrustaceans (crustaceans)
-paraphyletic
-crustaceans and insects form a monophyletic group
-arthropods with mandibles
-2 pairs of antennae
-conspicuous thoracic and abdominal appendages
-biramous (branched) appendages
-live in marine or freshwater habitats, few are terrestrial
What are mandibles
mouthparts used to crush and grind food
appendages use
Perform tasks like feeding, swimming, and reproduction
What does crustaceans include
-pill bugs
-krill
-shrimp
-crabs
-lobsters
-water fleas
-barnacles
Order isopoda
-pill bug or woodlouse
-terrestrial
-feed on detritus in moist areas
-found under rocks or leaf litter
-seven pairs of legs, all similar size and shape
iso = same
pod= foot
order decapoda
-crayfish, crabs, lobsters
-well-developed carapace that covers the dorsal side of the sephalothorax
10 legs
deca= ten
pod= foot
subclass cirripedia
-barnacles
-marine suspension feeders
-feet modified as filter-feeding structures that are well adapted to life in the tidal zone
-huge economic impact especially on the shipping industry
class branchiopoda
-fairy shrimp and brine shrimp
-generally non-marine crustaceans found in vernal pools and brackish waters
-possess gills or “branchia” on almost all their appendages
class hexapoda (insects)
-extremely large
-30 insect orders
-all have 3 pairs of legs, one pair on each of the thoracic segments
0-2 pairs of wings, also on thorax
and 1 pair of antennae
order hemiptera
-true bugs, cicadas, leaf hoppers, aphids, ect
-often confused with beetles, but their first pair of wings is only partially hardened or leathery
-sucking mouthparts
order coleoptera
-beetles
-4 wings, but first pair is highly modified into hardened protective coverings for the second membranous pair and the abodmen
Order Diptera
-flies
-contains all insects with only 2 membranous wings
order hymenoptera
-wasps, bees, and ants
-4 well-veined, mebranous wings, with the second pair smaller than the first
-all show constriction (waist) between the thorax and abdomen
-several are socail insects and many sting
order lepidoptera
-butterflies and moths
-4 large wings covered with scales
-larvae are known as caterpillars
-caterpillars have chewing mouthparts, while adults have either sucking mouthparts or none
myriapods
-centipedes and millipedes
-mandibulate arthropods with uniramous (unbranched) appendages
-terrestrial
-millipedes are herbivorous with inconspicuous mandibles while the centipedes are carnivorous with conspicuous manidibles
external anatomy grasshopper
-chitinous exoskeleton is divided into a series of armor-like plates
-tinner, flexible areas of exoskeleton between the plates form articular membranes
-body divided inot three main regions, head, thorax, and posterior abdomen
antennae -grasshopper
paired sensory appendages
compound eye -grasshopper
-complex eyes
visual unit = ommatidium
ocelli -grasshopper
-three small, simple eyes, one located in the midline groove between the antennae, 2 near the top-front corner of each compound eye
What are the parts of the head of a grasshopper
-antennae
-compound eyes
-ocelli
mouthparts of a grasshopper
-relatively unspecialized and are designed for manipulating and chewing food
What is in the mouthparts of a grasshopper
-labrum
-labium
-maxillae
-mandibles
-hypopharynx
-thorax, prothorax
labrum -grasshopper
the anterior mouthpart, like the upper lip
labium- grasshopper
-the unpaired lower lip, provided with lateral feelers, labial palps
maxillae in grasshopper
-paired structures for food manipulation, each with small, lateral maxillary palp
-the palps are segmented and are used to manipulate food and gather sensory info
mandibles in grasshopper
-2 massive jaws
hypopharynx in grasshopper
-central, tongue-like structures
thorax of grasshopper
-consists of 3 segments each bearing a pair of jointed legs:
-prothorax
-medothorax
-metathorax
prothorax of grasshopper
-anterior segemnt of thorax (covered by the saddle-like pronotum) bearing a pair of walking legs, called the prothoracic legs
mesothorax of grasshopper
-middle thoracic segment, bearing a second pair of walking legs, the mesothoracic legs
metathorax of grasshopper
-posterior thoracic segment, bearing the large metathhoacic legs specialized for jumping
wings of grasshopper
-2 pairs of wings, the outermost mesothoracic wings are leathery, beneath them are the membranous matathoracic wings
Whats part of the abdomen of grasshopper
-tympanum
-spiracles
tympanum of grasshopper
-distinct rounded section of thin membrane on first abdominal segment, often partially obscured by the metathoracic leg
spiracles of grasshopper
-minute respiratory openings, at the anteroventral corners of segments 2-9
abdomen of grasshopper
-relatively unspecialized, consists of 11 segments
external genitalia of grasshopper
-the terminal segments of the abdomen show some fusion, modifications to form genitalia
What is part of the external genitalia of a grasshopper
-ovipositor
-cerci
ovipositor of grasshopper
-conspicuous structure of 4 large conical prongs only in females
cerci of grasshopper
-small, dark, triangular dorsolateral spurs, in males and females
-have a tactile sensory function
muscles in grasshoppers
-found throughout the body, those in the thorax are especially well developed to move the legs and wings
tracheae in grasshopper
-transparent
-delicate respiratory tubes
-ring-like structures that keep tracheae from collapsing
Whats part of the locomotion and respiration of the grasshopper
-muscles
-tracheae
digestive and excertory systems
-gonads (sex organs) overlie part of the digestive system, especailly the intestine
crop in grasshoppers
-thin-walled sec for storage
digestive ceca in grasshoppers
-finger-like projections posterior to crop whihc function to enlarge the digestive and absorptive area of the stomach below
intestine of grasshopper
-extends posteriorly from the stomach and terminates in an anus
malpighian tubules in grasshopper
-long, threadlike tubles surrounding lower intestine
-these tubules are the excretory and osmoregulatory organs of the grasshopper
-coelomic fluid containing metabolic wastes enters the tubules and is eventually discharged by anus
What is part of the digestive and excretory systems in grasshopper
-mouth
-esophagus
-crop
-digestive ceca
-intestine
-malpighian tubules
ovaries in grasshoppers
-females
-conspicous paired structures, which overlay the intestines
oviduct in grasshoppers
-females
-strap-like tube leaving each ovary posteriorly and turning under the intestine
vagina in grasshoppers
-females
-point at which oviducts join to form a median tube
spermathecae in grasshoppers
-females
-coiled tubular storage sacs for sperm received during mating
All the reproductive system parts for female grasshoppers
-ovaries
-vagina
-oviduct
-spermathecae
testes in grasshoppers
-males
-paired organs located above the digestive tract in the abdomen
vas deferens in grasshoppers
-males
-thin tube extending posteriorly from each testis
Ejaculatory duct in grasshoppers
-males
-point of union of the vasa deferentia under the intestine
accessory glands in grasshoppers
-males
-a number of small tubules lying anterior to the ejaculatory duct and joining with it.
what is part of the reproductive system in male grasshoppers
-testes
-vas deferens
-ejaculatory duct
-accessory glands
ventral nerve cord in grasshoppers
-yellowish cord running under a thin overlying connective tissue in ventral floor of coelom
ganglia in grasshopper
-swollen regions of the nerve cord,
2 in head (cerebral ganglia),
3 in thorax (thoracic ganglia),
5 smaller ones in abdomen (abdominal ganglia)
lateral nerves in grasshoppers
-lead away from the nerve cord in each segment
What is part of the nervous system in grasshoppers
-ganglia
-lateral nerves
-ventral nerve cord
Deuterostomia animals
-radial
-indeterminate cleavage
-mesoderm
-coelom formation by means of enterocoelic pouches
-blastopore forming the anus
Phylum echinodermata
-show secondary radial symmetry that has developed from bilateral larvae
-marine habitats
-have calcareous endoskeletons
-possess a water vascular system that is unique
What is the water vascular system
an internal hydraulic network of canals that controls the respiratory/locomotory/ feeding appendaged called tube feet (podia)
What are podia
tube feet
asteroidea
phylum echinodermata
-sea stars, starfish
-flattend echinoderms with central disk not sharply delineated from arms, arms having open ambulacral grooves, carnivores or scavengers
What is in phylum echinodermata?
-asteroidea
-echinoidea
-holothuroidea
echinoidea
-sand dollars and sea urchins
-armless with well-developed endoskeletons which may be either;
-globose with enlarged spines (urchins)
or - flattened with numerous short spines (dollars)
or - slightly inflated with numerous short spines (heart or biscuit urchins)
Sea urchins
-grazers that feed on seaweed by scraping the substrate with a specialized structure called aristoles lantern
sand dollars
-feed on suspended microscopic aniamls like copepods and larvae
Holothuroidea
-sea cucumbers
-soft-bodied cucumber shaped echinoderms
-polar axis has been elongated forcing them to lie on their side rather than the oral pole
-have vestigial skeletons lacking spines
-most are suspension or filter feeders
-5 rows of tube feet, tenticles around mouth
Phylum chordata
-bilateral deuterostomes with segemnted bodies
-a dorsal hollow nerve cord
-notochord
=paired pharyngeal (gill) slits
-most have a post anal tail
-two groups of invertebrates as well as vertebrates
What are the two groups of invertevrates in phylum chordata
-cephalochordata and urochordata
cephalochordata
-lancelets
-marine fish-like chordates showing oral tentacles surrounding the mouth
-v-shaped muscle segments
-lacking any vertebral or cranial skeleton
amphioxus
-mouth opens into cavity of the pharynx, which is enclosed by numous gill bars
-openings between the gill bars are the pharynheal gill slits, used for filter feeding and gas exchange
-dorsal to the pharynx and darkly stained intestine is the notochord
-notochord is a rod like structure that extends from one end of the body to the other
-dorsal to the notochord is the hollow, dorsal nerve cord
Urochordata
-tunicates, or sea squirts
-marine with planktonic tadpole-larvae that shows all 4 chordate characteristics
-adults lost most evidence of these traits and are highly modified for sessile filter feeding with incurrent and excurrent siphons serving an enlarged filtering pharynx
What do fungi do
-they protect
-they attack
-they bring bioavilable nutrients back
Characteristics of fungi
*cell walls of chitin
*non-motile
*nutrients obtained by absorption
= Absorptive Heterotrophs
Stucture
*Hypha - filament
-aseptate - no cross walls
-coenocytic - continuous mass
of cytoplasm with many nuclei
-septate - cross walls present
*What grows above the ground?
Fruiting bodies, which are
reproductive structures
*What grows underground?
Mycelium: a mass of
filaments called hyphae
Fungi roles
*foods, medicines, alcohol
*decomposers (saprobic fungi)
*symbiosis with other organisms (lichens, mycorrhizae)
*parasitism
Fungi Life Cycle
-zygotic meiosis
-plasmogamy
-karyogamy
*plasmogamy
-fusion of cytoplasm (n+n)
karyogamy
-fusion of nuclei (2n)
Fungi Phyla (names)
Zygomycota - zygosporangium
*Ascomycota - ascocarp
*Basidiomycota - basidiocarp
how many ascus does phylum ascomycota have?
Each ascus (pl = asci) has 8 ascospores
What is the lining surface of the gills in phylum basidiomycota?
basidia
how many basidiospores does each basidium produce in phylum basidiomycota
4
What is a lichen
Symbiotic relationship between an ascomycete/basidiomycete and a green algae.
Basal Lineage
- Metazoa
Radial symmetry
there is no left or right side
if you divide them the are mirror immages
Bilateral symmetry
has a left and right side
-if cut in two there is two halves
Protostomes and deuterostomes
Protostomes:
-spiral + determinate cleavage
-schizocoelous
-blastopore-mouth
Deuterostomes:
-radial + indeterminate cleavage
-Enterocoelous
-blastopore-anus
Coelom Types
Acoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Coelomate
Acoelomate
No body cavity
Pseudocoelomate
body cavity partially lined with
mesoderm
Coelomate
true coelom entirely lined with
mesoderm
Bilateria Lineages
-Protostomia
-Lophotrochozoa
-Ecdysozoa
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Rotifera
Phylum Mollusca
Phylum Annelida
Ecdysozoans
all display ecdysis
* molting of outermost layer
Phylum Nematoda
- Phylum Arthropoda
- Pancrustaceans
- Myriapods
Deuterostomes
-radial, indeterminate cleavage
- coelom formation by means of enterocoelic pouches
- blastopore forms anus
Echinodermata
Secondary radial symmetry
* Calcareous endoskeleton
* Water vascular system
* Marine
Chordata
-Pharyngeal slits
* Notochord
* Dorsal hollow nerve cord
* Post-anal tail
Phylum Porifera
- no true tissues or organs
- radial symmetry (or none)
Eumetazoa
- tissues and organs
- radial or bilateral symmetry
Radiata
- radial symmetry,
diploblastic
Bilateria
- bilateral symmetry,
triploblastic
- Phylum Echinodermata
Deuterostomes
- sea stars
- urchins, sand dollars
- sea cucumbers
Phylum Chordata
Deuterostomes
- Subphylum Cephalochordata - lancelets
- Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates
- Subphylum Vertebrata - vertebrates
- Phylum Arthropoda
Ecdysozoans
Chelicerates
* spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions
Pancrustaceans
Ecdysozoans
Crusteceans: Isopoda, Decapoda, Maxillopoda, Branchiopoda
Hexapoda (insects): Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera,
Lepidoptera
Myriapod
Ecdysozoans
centipedes and millipedes
Lophotrochozoa
bilateral linages
molecular evidence,
lophophore, or trochophore
larva
-Ecdysozoa
molecular evidence,
shedding of outermost layer
Phylum Cnidaria
Medusozoans (hydra, man-o-war, jellyfish)
Anthozoans (corals, anemones)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
planarians
tapeworms
Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora (chitons)
Class Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels)
Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopuses, nautiluses)
Phylum Annelida
polychaetes
earthworms
leeches
