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Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fungi are primarily-

A

non-motile and obtain their nutrients by absorption, rather than ingestion

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2
Q

What does mycota mean

A

fungus-like

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3
Q

what does asco-, basidio-, zygo- reflect

A

the reproductive structures associated with that group

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4
Q

All fungi exhibit a sexual life cycle with-

A

zygotic meiosis

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5
Q

What are saprobic fungi

A

It decomposition releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere and returns nitrogenous compounds and other nutrients to the soil, thereby making these constituents available for plants, and eventually animals

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6
Q

mutualistic meaning

A

Both members benefit from the association

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7
Q

parasitic fungi

A

absorbs nutrients from living host cells

-can be pathogenic

-athletes foot

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8
Q

organized mass

A

mycelium

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9
Q

Each filament in mycelium

A

hypha

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10
Q

fungal hyphae

A

can be aseptate and conenocytic

-do not have cross-walls, instead have continuous mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei

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11
Q

septate hyphae

A

-cross walls are present

-most of the body is hidden underground or buried within its food source

-only parts exposed are reproductive structures``

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12
Q

Rhizopus stolonifer

A

-black bread mold

-live in soil or on decaying plant or animal material

they have aseptate hyphae and undergo zygotic meiosis

-spores are produced asexually by mitosis

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13
Q

what is the dom stage in the zygotic meiosis cycle haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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14
Q

whats in Phylum zygomycota

A

-Rhizopus stolonifer

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15
Q

phylum zygomycota

A

-asexual reproduction is very common

-sexual only occurs if conditions become unfavorable for growth and if theirs two separate mating strains present

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16
Q

sexual rhizopus

A

gametangia are located on the ends of hyphae extentions
-gametangia from 2 different mating strains fuse to form a zygosporangium
-zygosporangia are thick walled and resistant

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17
Q

Phylum ascomycota

A

-many different growths

-small, unicellular yeasts

-very large complex organisms

-septate hyphae, but septa are perforated, so the cytoplasm and nuclei are still able to move freely through the hyphae

-asexual reproduction (conidia or budding)

-sexual features are defining feature of ascomycota

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18
Q

What is in phylum ascomycota

A

Penicilium

erysiphe

sordaria

peziza

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19
Q

Penicilium

A

-asexual ascomycete that reproduced by conidia

-some species play major role as the source of important drugs, like antibiotics and anti-rejection drugs, others used for cheese

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20
Q

sexual reproduction in ascomycota

A

-involves formation of a saclike structure, ascus, within which ascospores are produced following meiosis

-mostly, mitotic divition immediately follows meiosis, resulting spores are held together in the ascus until dispersal

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21
Q

where are asci formed?

A

in a complex structure called an ascocarp

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22
Q

What are the three types of ascocarps?

A

-Cleistothecium (closed and spherical)

-Perithecium (vase-shaped with a small pore at one end)

-Apothecium (cup-shaped)

-asci usually develop as a layer inside ascocarp

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23
Q

what type of ascocarp does sordaria have?

A

perithecium

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24
Q

What type of ascocarp does peziza have?

A

apothecium

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25
Q

Whats in Phylum basidiomycota

A

puffballs

mushrooms

bracket fungi

rusts

smuts

pore fungi

coprinus

agaricus bisporus

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26
Q

phylum basidiomycota

A

-have septate hyphae, but septa are perforated and surrounded by bracket-like structures

-most reproduction is sexual

-meiosis results in the production of basidiospores, from basidium

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27
Q

where are basidia located?

A

in a complex structure called basidiocarp

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28
Q

example of reproduction structure of a gill fungus

A

agaricus bisporus

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29
Q

mushroom

A

basidiocarp

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30
Q

stipe

A

stalk

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31
Q

lamellae

A

gills

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32
Q

annulus

A

collar of tissue encircling the stipe

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33
Q

pore fungi

A

mycelium inhabits the dead tree trunk

very efficient at decomposing lignin in plant tissue

-fertile lower region of the reproductive structure is organized into pores rather then on gills

-basidia line the insides of the pores and it is here where basidospores are produced and released

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34
Q

Puffballs, earthstars, and birds nest fungi

A

-basidia and nasidiospores are also produced, but basidia are enclosed in a basidiocarp

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35
Q

Lichens

A

-symbionts with other organisms
-with an alga forms lichen

-usually member of ascomycota but sometimes basidiomycota

-photosynthetic component is either nostoc, or one of about six species of green algea

-widespread in nature

-inhabit areas where neither symbiont could survive as a seperate entity

-found in arctic, deserts, on alpine peaks

-economically important as pollution indicators, natural dyes, and food for animals

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36
Q

What is nostoc

A

a blue-green bacteria

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37
Q

three common growth forms for lichens

A

crustose

foliose

fruticose

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38
Q

crustose

A

-forms a thin flat crust that is glued to the substrate

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39
Q

foliose

A

flat and leafy or round in outline; distinct upper and lower surface

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40
Q

fruticose

A

basally attached strands with hair-like, or shrub-like growth

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41
Q

Animals

A

-multicellular

-heterotropic

-most are motile in at least one stage of their life cycle

-do not possess cell walls, instead held together by structural proteins

-tissues develop from embryonic layers formed during the development of blastula and gastrulla stages

-gametic meiosis

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42
Q

What type of meiosis do animals go through?

A

gametic meiosis

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43
Q

gametic meiosis

A

gametes are haploid, rest of the stages are diploid

-every cell has two sets of chromosomes, except egg and sperm

-only multicellular stage is diploid and the products of meiosis are gametes

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44
Q

Animals in basal lineage of the Metazoa

A

-lack true tissues

-organs and body symmetry is radial or lacking

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45
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

-sponges and eumetazoa

-sessile (show little movement)

-mostly marine

-also found in freshwater environments

-feed by filtering water through pores lined with choanocytes

-water enters sponge through microscopic incurrent openings into spongocoel

-larger and more complex sponges are asymmetric and have numerous excurrent oscula

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46
Q

choanocytes

A

flagellated internal collar cells

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47
Q

incurrent opening

A

ostia

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48
Q

excurrent opening

A

osculum

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49
Q

sponges

A

secrete classy or calcareous skeletal structures (spicules)

-some lack these skeletal elements and instead have skeletons comprised of flexible proteinaceous material (spongin)

-some have spongin and spicules

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50
Q

Eumetazoa

A

-composed of definite tissues and organs

-symmetry may be radial or bilateral

-alimentary tract (if present) may have one opening (mouth) or two (mouth and anus)

-bodies may have 2 (ecto, and endo) or 3 (ecto, endo, meso) basic embryonic tissue types

-2 types of body symmetry, radially symmetrical animals and bilaterally symmetrical animals (clade bilateria)

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51
Q

3 basic embryonic tissue types

A

ectoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

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52
Q

What animals are diploblastic

A

animals with primary radial symmetry

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53
Q

diploblastic

A

2 main embryonic tissue layers , ecto and inner endo

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54
Q

Mesoglea

A

the inner and outer layers are sperated by a thick or thin, secreted, largely or completely noncellular gelatinous matrix

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55
Q

Whats in Phylum Cnidaria

A

-jellyfish

-hydras

-corals

-anemones

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56
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

-all soft-bodied

-radially symmetrical animals

-bearing tentacles around a mouth opening which communicates with a pouch-like gastrovascular cavity
-gut communicates with the outside only with the mouth (no anus)

-all have stinging cells (cnidocytes) containing nematocysts

-2 basic body forms, sexual, motile, usually planktonic medusa and the asexual, nonmotile, usually sessile (attached) or sedentary (slow moving), polyp.

-both forms, but especially polyps, may be colonial

-most are marine and some are fresh water

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57
Q

Medusozoans

A

-usually quite small

-solitary or colonial

-mostly marine

-most have dom polyps

-redused medusae

-includes freshwater hydra and the incredibly complex jellyfish-like marine colony

-hydrozoan medusae disperse through jet propulsive swimming

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58
Q

velum

A

a layer of tissue around the edge of the medusa, which aids in jet-propulsion

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59
Q

anthozoans

A

-two main groups

predominate
- the large, solitary anemones are fleshy and lack any calcareous exoskeleton

corals
-live in warm, clear, tropical waters, and can form reefs
-secreate calcareous exoskeletons

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60
Q

Whats in phylum cnidaria

A

-medusozoans

-anthozoans

-

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61
Q

Bilateria

A

-triploblasic animals that show primary bilateral symmetry

-organs are well developed and organized into systems

-a body cavity (coelom) between the gut and body wall may be absent (acoelomate), partly with mesoderm (pseudocoelomate), or completely lined with mesoderm (eucoelomate)

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62
Q

animals exhibiting protostome development

A

-embryology is characterized by spiral

-determinate cleavage

-mesoderm arising from cells near the lip of the blastopore

-coelom arising as a split in an originally solid mass of mesoderm

-mouth arising from the embryonic blastopore

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63
Q

What 2 lineages that exhibit protostome development

A

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

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64
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

-a few display a set of ciliated tentacles called a lophophore, some members of other eucoelomate phyla in this branch have a ciliated trochophore larva

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65
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

-planarians, tapeworms

-bilateral

-acoelomate

-marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats

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66
Q

Planarian

A

-free-living

-freshwater flatworms

-cephalization

-branched gut

-mouth opens mid-ventrally at end of an eversible pharynx

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67
Q

Tapeworm

A

-scolex and hooks )anterior portion of the worm)

-long chains of segments called proglottids
-form in the region behind scolex

-male and female reproductive systems

-as proglottids age they become sexually mature and gravid (filled with eggs)

-break off and shed in feces of the host

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68
Q

Phylum Rotifera

A

-are pseudocoemlomate

-free-living

-marine and freshwater animals

-swim and feed with an anterior ciliated corona and break up food particles with complex internal jaws

-complete digestive tract with mouth and anus

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69
Q

What are mastax

A

complex internal jaws

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70
Q

difference between rotifera and platyhelminthes

A

rotifera have complete digestive tract with mouth and anus

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71
Q

Phylum mollusca

A

-bilateral

-eucoelomate protostomes that lack segmentation

-most species are marine and possess a radula

-7-8 clades

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72
Q

muscular foot

A

used for locomotion or food capture

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73
Q

visceral mass

A

contains the organ systems

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74
Q

mantle

A

a soft tissue that secretes the shell

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75
Q

mantle cavity

A

Where gills and excretory organs are located

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76
Q

phylum mollusca bodies are composed of:

A
  • a muscular foot
    -visceral mass
    -mantle
    -mantle cavity
    -calcareous shell
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77
Q

Which clades in phylum mollusca did we study?

A

Polyplacophora

gastropoda

bivalvia

cephalopoda

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78
Q

Polyplacophora

A

-chitons have 8 overlapping shell plates along the dorsal midline

-foot is used as a suction cup to adhere to rocks

-radula is used to scrape algae from rocks

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79
Q

gastropoda

A

-snails and slugs

-have a single spiral shell

-bodies show torision (twisting)

-mucus is secreted to aid in locomotion

-radula used for feeding

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80
Q

Bivalvia

A

-clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

-paired lateral shells which are hinged dorsally

-radula is absent and the head is reduced

-gills are enlarged for suspension or filter feeding

-foot is used for anchorage and locomotion

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81
Q

Cephalopoda

A

-squids, octopuses, nautiluses

-head and foot are fused in this group

-shell can be muti-coloured and external (nautilus), internal (squid) or absent (octopuses)

-head is modified into tentacles for prey capture and manipulation

-foot forms a siphon that is modified for jet-propelled locomotion

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82
Q

Phylum annelida

A

-are eucoelomate

-segmented worms
-sgements usually divided internally by transverse septa, membranous paritions that seperate each segment

-most show evidence of cephalization

-closed circulatory systems

-complete gut

-2 major clades, errantia and sedentaria

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83
Q

What is cephalization

A

development of an anterior head and concentration of nervous system and sense of organs there

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84
Q

closed circulatory systems

A

-distant from heart, arteries and veins are connected by capillaries

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85
Q

complete gut

A

mouth and anus present

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86
Q

What are the two major clades in phylum annelida

A

errantia and sedentaria

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87
Q

What is in phylum annelida

A

polychaetes

earthworms

leeches

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88
Q

polychaetes

A

-marine

-lateral, fleshy parapodia beset with numerous chaetae and well-developed head appendages such as jaws, tentacles, and eyes

-are dioecious

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89
Q

what is dioecious

A

they have separate sexes

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90
Q

earthworms

A

-large freshwater or terrestrial

-lack parapodia

-very few chaetae per segment

-reduced heads and evidence of cephalization

-most are scavengers, feeding on dead organic matter, especially vegetation

-small freshwater species feed on detritus and microorganisms

-have a clitellum

-hetmaphroditic

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91
Q

What is clitellum

A

That band around worms used for reproduction

produces a mucous film important for reproduction

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92
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

having both female and male reproductive organs

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93
Q

leeches

A

-largely fresh water, but in damp terrestrial also

-lack internal septa

-dorsoventrally flattened

-lobed intestines

-posses a clitellum

-hermaphroditic

-lack chaetae, which the other two have

-most are intermittent ectoparasitic blood feeders, but some are predators or scavengers

-anterior sucker is reduced but posterior sucker is easily seen

-eyes are present

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94
Q

dorsoventrally flattened

A

body thats flat in upper and lower parts

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95
Q

ectoparasitic

A

live on the skin of host to feed on blood

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96
Q

Chaetae

A

small bristle-like hairs protruding from each segment

-normally 8 on a segment

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97
Q

Dorsal blood vessel- in worms

A

-visible through transparent skin, as a dark line on the dorsal surface

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98
Q

Genital pores- in worms

A

pair of large pores, openings of the vas deferens

-midway between mouth and ciltellum

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99
Q

muscular pharynx - in worms

A

-fuzzy surface cuz of dilator muscles extending body wall

-contraction expands the pharynx and sucks in particles of soil and detritus

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100
Q

crop-in worms

A

thin-walled sac for storage

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101
Q

gizzard- in worms

A

muscular organ for grinding food particles

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102
Q

typhlosole-in worms

A

-large rod of tissue hanging suspended in the intestine

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103
Q

Dorsal blood vessel-worm

A

dark tube overlying the digestive tract

-blood from the capillaries of each segment collects into the dorsal blood vessel and flows forward to the esophagus

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104
Q

ventral blood vessel-worms

A

small, yellowish tube running along underside of intestine

105
Q

Aortic arches (hearts) in worms

A

5 pairs of vessels circling the esophagus

-vessels bump blood from dorsal vessel into ventral blood vessel and from there the blood flows posteriorly into the capillaries of the segments

-tiny capillaries in the skin of each segemnt serve to pick up oxygen and discharge carbon dioxide

106
Q

Whats in the circulatory system in worms?

A

dorsal blood vessel

ventral blood vessel

aortic arches

107
Q

What is in the digestive system in worms?

A

-muscular pharynx

-esophagus

-crop

-gizzard

-intestine

-anus

-typhlosole

108
Q

What is in the nervous system in worms?

A

cerebral ganglia

ventral nerve cord

lateral nerves and ganglia

109
Q

cerebral ganglia

A

brain-like pair of concnetrated nerves

-first of second segment, connects with the nerve cord beneath

110
Q

Ventral nerve cord

A

thin, whitish cord located below the ventral blood vessel

111
Q

lateral nerves and ganglia

A

small nerves that run into the muscles of the body wall from swollen regions on the ventral nerve cord

112
Q

Whats in the reproductive system in worms?

A

seminal vesicles

seminal receptacles

113
Q

smeinal vesicles in worms

A

3 large, whitish sacs, extending from segments 9-14

-sperm released from very tiny testes are released into the seminal vesicles where they mature

114
Q

seminal receptacles in worms

A

2 pairs of small, rounded, white sacs (segments 9-10) somewhat obscured by the seminal vesicle

-receptacles receive sperm from the partner

115
Q

metanephridia in worms

A

-one pair per segment, posterior to gizzard

-excretory organs

-coelomic fluid enters the open end of each tubule and metabolic wastes are excreted via a pore through the body wall while essential minerals and water are reabsorbed back into the coelomic fluid

116
Q

Whats in the excretory system in worms?

A

metanephridia

117
Q

cuticle in worm cross-section

A

-external layer protecting skin

-direct gas exchange with the environment as well as prevention from desiccation along with mucus secreted by cells in the epidermis

118
Q

epidermis in worm cross section

A

cellular layer of tissue beneath the cuticle

119
Q

circular muscles in worm cross section

A

thin layer of muscle tissue, which when contracted squeezes worm long and thin

120
Q

longitudinal muscles in worm cross section

A

-thick layer of muscle tissue beneath the circular muscle, when contracted squeezes worm short and fat

121
Q

chaetae in worm cross section

A

4 pairs of bristle- like hairs penetrating body wall; 2 lateral pairs and 2 ventrolateral pairs

122
Q

intestine in worm cross section

A

-located centrally within coelom

123
Q

typhlosole in worm cross section

A

-large rod of tissue in the intestine

124
Q

dorsal blood vessel in worm cross section

A

-located above intestine

125
Q

ventral blood vessel in worm cross section

A

-located beneath the intestine

126
Q

ventral nerve cord

A

-beneath the ventral blood vessel consists of 2 large and 3 smaller fibers

-3 smaller fibers serve to convey urgent info (contract longitudinal muscles) very rapidly from one end of the worm to the other end

127
Q

Metanephridia in worm cross section

A

in the ventral and lateral areas of the coelom

128
Q

What are physiological adaptions for worms

A

secretion of coelomic fluid as lubricant faciltates the movement through a burrow

129
Q

What are behavioral adaptations for worms

A

migration to the soil surface during periods of rain
- need for moisture

130
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

-like the lophotrochozoa are grouped mostly based on molecular evidence

-all display ecdysis or molting of the outermost layer

131
Q

Phylum nematoda

A

-round worms

-widespread and common

-either free-living or parasitic

-pseudocoelomate

-unsegmented

-round in cross section

-tapered at both ends

-covered by a resistant

-secreted cuticle

-lacking appendages

132
Q

Phylum arthropoda

A

-bilaterally symmetrical

-segmented

-eucoelomate protostomes that ahve a chitinous exoskeleton

-open circulatory system

-complete digestive tract

-dorsal brain with ventral nerve cord

-paired jointed appendages

-body divdied into 3 regions, head, thorax, and abdomen though some regions may be fused

-most numerous and diverse of all animals

3 major lineages

-

133
Q

What are the three major lineages of phylum anthropoda

A

-chelicerates

-myriapods

-pancrustaceans

134
Q

Chelicerates

A

-4 pairs of legs plus 2 pairs of head appendages: one pair of chelicerae and one pair of pedipalps

-lack antennae

-are pincerlike and used for feeding

-pedipalps are mainly sensory but can be used in feeding, locomotion, or reproduction

135
Q

Whats in Chelicerates

A

-spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions

-terrestrial

136
Q

Spiders

A

Phylum arthropoda, chelicerates

-cephalothorax and legless abdomen

137
Q

mites and ticks

A

Phylum arthropoda, chelicerates

-abdomen fused to leg-bearing region

138
Q

scorpions

A

Phylum arthropoda, chelicerates

-elongate abdomen bearing poisonous sting

139
Q

Pancrustaceans (crustaceans)

A

-paraphyletic

-crustaceans and insects form a monophyletic group

-arthropods with mandibles

-2 pairs of antennae

-conspicuous thoracic and abdominal appendages

-biramous (branched) appendages

-live in marine or freshwater habitats, few are terrestrial

140
Q

What are mandibles

A

mouthparts used to crush and grind food

141
Q

appendages use

A

Perform tasks like feeding, swimming, and reproduction

142
Q

What does crustaceans include

A

-pill bugs

-krill

-shrimp

-crabs

-lobsters

-water fleas

-barnacles

143
Q

Order isopoda

A

-pill bug or woodlouse

-terrestrial

-feed on detritus in moist areas

-found under rocks or leaf litter

-seven pairs of legs, all similar size and shape

iso = same
pod= foot

144
Q

order decapoda

A

-crayfish, crabs, lobsters

-well-developed carapace that covers the dorsal side of the sephalothorax

10 legs

deca= ten
pod= foot

145
Q

subclass cirripedia

A

-barnacles

-marine suspension feeders
-feet modified as filter-feeding structures that are well adapted to life in the tidal zone

-huge economic impact especially on the shipping industry

146
Q

class branchiopoda

A

-fairy shrimp and brine shrimp

-generally non-marine crustaceans found in vernal pools and brackish waters

-possess gills or “branchia” on almost all their appendages

147
Q

class hexapoda (insects)

A

-extremely large

-30 insect orders

-all have 3 pairs of legs, one pair on each of the thoracic segments

0-2 pairs of wings, also on thorax

and 1 pair of antennae

148
Q

order hemiptera

A

-true bugs, cicadas, leaf hoppers, aphids, ect

-often confused with beetles, but their first pair of wings is only partially hardened or leathery

-sucking mouthparts

149
Q

order coleoptera

A

-beetles

-4 wings, but first pair is highly modified into hardened protective coverings for the second membranous pair and the abodmen

150
Q

Order Diptera

A

-flies

-contains all insects with only 2 membranous wings

151
Q

order hymenoptera

A

-wasps, bees, and ants

-4 well-veined, mebranous wings, with the second pair smaller than the first

-all show constriction (waist) between the thorax and abdomen

-several are socail insects and many sting

152
Q

order lepidoptera

A

-butterflies and moths

-4 large wings covered with scales

-larvae are known as caterpillars

-caterpillars have chewing mouthparts, while adults have either sucking mouthparts or none

153
Q

myriapods

A

-centipedes and millipedes

-mandibulate arthropods with uniramous (unbranched) appendages

-terrestrial

-millipedes are herbivorous with inconspicuous mandibles while the centipedes are carnivorous with conspicuous manidibles

154
Q

external anatomy grasshopper

A

-chitinous exoskeleton is divided into a series of armor-like plates

-tinner, flexible areas of exoskeleton between the plates form articular membranes

-body divided inot three main regions, head, thorax, and posterior abdomen

155
Q

antennae -grasshopper

A

paired sensory appendages

156
Q

compound eye -grasshopper

A

-complex eyes

visual unit = ommatidium

157
Q

ocelli -grasshopper

A

-three small, simple eyes, one located in the midline groove between the antennae, 2 near the top-front corner of each compound eye

158
Q

What are the parts of the head of a grasshopper

A

-antennae

-compound eyes

-ocelli

159
Q

mouthparts of a grasshopper

A

-relatively unspecialized and are designed for manipulating and chewing food

160
Q

What is in the mouthparts of a grasshopper

A

-labrum

-labium

-maxillae

-mandibles

-hypopharynx

-thorax, prothorax

161
Q

labrum -grasshopper

A

the anterior mouthpart, like the upper lip

162
Q

labium- grasshopper

A

-the unpaired lower lip, provided with lateral feelers, labial palps

163
Q

maxillae in grasshopper

A

-paired structures for food manipulation, each with small, lateral maxillary palp

-the palps are segmented and are used to manipulate food and gather sensory info

164
Q

mandibles in grasshopper

A

-2 massive jaws

165
Q

hypopharynx in grasshopper

A

-central, tongue-like structures

166
Q

thorax of grasshopper

A

-consists of 3 segments each bearing a pair of jointed legs:

-prothorax
-medothorax
-metathorax

167
Q

prothorax of grasshopper

A

-anterior segemnt of thorax (covered by the saddle-like pronotum) bearing a pair of walking legs, called the prothoracic legs

168
Q

mesothorax of grasshopper

A

-middle thoracic segment, bearing a second pair of walking legs, the mesothoracic legs

169
Q

metathorax of grasshopper

A

-posterior thoracic segment, bearing the large metathhoacic legs specialized for jumping

170
Q

wings of grasshopper

A

-2 pairs of wings, the outermost mesothoracic wings are leathery, beneath them are the membranous matathoracic wings

171
Q

Whats part of the abdomen of grasshopper

A

-tympanum

-spiracles

172
Q

tympanum of grasshopper

A

-distinct rounded section of thin membrane on first abdominal segment, often partially obscured by the metathoracic leg

173
Q

spiracles of grasshopper

A

-minute respiratory openings, at the anteroventral corners of segments 2-9

174
Q

abdomen of grasshopper

A

-relatively unspecialized, consists of 11 segments

175
Q

external genitalia of grasshopper

A

-the terminal segments of the abdomen show some fusion, modifications to form genitalia

176
Q

What is part of the external genitalia of a grasshopper

A

-ovipositor

-cerci

177
Q

ovipositor of grasshopper

A

-conspicuous structure of 4 large conical prongs only in females

178
Q

cerci of grasshopper

A

-small, dark, triangular dorsolateral spurs, in males and females

-have a tactile sensory function

179
Q

muscles in grasshoppers

A

-found throughout the body, those in the thorax are especially well developed to move the legs and wings

180
Q

tracheae in grasshopper

A

-transparent

-delicate respiratory tubes

-ring-like structures that keep tracheae from collapsing

181
Q

Whats part of the locomotion and respiration of the grasshopper

A

-muscles

-tracheae

182
Q

digestive and excertory systems

A

-gonads (sex organs) overlie part of the digestive system, especailly the intestine

183
Q

crop in grasshoppers

A

-thin-walled sec for storage

184
Q

digestive ceca in grasshoppers

A

-finger-like projections posterior to crop whihc function to enlarge the digestive and absorptive area of the stomach below

185
Q

intestine of grasshopper

A

-extends posteriorly from the stomach and terminates in an anus

186
Q

malpighian tubules in grasshopper

A

-long, threadlike tubles surrounding lower intestine

-these tubules are the excretory and osmoregulatory organs of the grasshopper

-coelomic fluid containing metabolic wastes enters the tubules and is eventually discharged by anus

187
Q

What is part of the digestive and excretory systems in grasshopper

A

-mouth
-esophagus
-crop
-digestive ceca
-intestine
-malpighian tubules

188
Q

ovaries in grasshoppers

A

-females

-conspicous paired structures, which overlay the intestines

189
Q

oviduct in grasshoppers

A

-females

-strap-like tube leaving each ovary posteriorly and turning under the intestine

190
Q

vagina in grasshoppers

A

-females

-point at which oviducts join to form a median tube

191
Q

spermathecae in grasshoppers

A

-females

-coiled tubular storage sacs for sperm received during mating

192
Q

All the reproductive system parts for female grasshoppers

A

-ovaries
-vagina
-oviduct
-spermathecae

193
Q

testes in grasshoppers

A

-males

-paired organs located above the digestive tract in the abdomen

194
Q

vas deferens in grasshoppers

A

-males

-thin tube extending posteriorly from each testis

195
Q

Ejaculatory duct in grasshoppers

A

-males

-point of union of the vasa deferentia under the intestine

196
Q

accessory glands in grasshoppers

A

-males

-a number of small tubules lying anterior to the ejaculatory duct and joining with it.

197
Q

what is part of the reproductive system in male grasshoppers

A

-testes

-vas deferens

-ejaculatory duct

-accessory glands

198
Q

ventral nerve cord in grasshoppers

A

-yellowish cord running under a thin overlying connective tissue in ventral floor of coelom

199
Q

ganglia in grasshopper

A

-swollen regions of the nerve cord,

2 in head (cerebral ganglia),

3 in thorax (thoracic ganglia),

5 smaller ones in abdomen (abdominal ganglia)

200
Q

lateral nerves in grasshoppers

A

-lead away from the nerve cord in each segment

201
Q

What is part of the nervous system in grasshoppers

A

-ganglia

-lateral nerves

-ventral nerve cord

202
Q

Deuterostomia animals

A

-radial

-indeterminate cleavage

-mesoderm

-coelom formation by means of enterocoelic pouches

-blastopore forming the anus

203
Q

Phylum echinodermata

A

-show secondary radial symmetry that has developed from bilateral larvae

-marine habitats

-have calcareous endoskeletons

-possess a water vascular system that is unique

204
Q

What is the water vascular system

A

an internal hydraulic network of canals that controls the respiratory/locomotory/ feeding appendaged called tube feet (podia)

205
Q

What are podia

A

tube feet

206
Q

asteroidea

A

phylum echinodermata

-sea stars, starfish

-flattend echinoderms with central disk not sharply delineated from arms, arms having open ambulacral grooves, carnivores or scavengers

207
Q

What is in phylum echinodermata?

A

-asteroidea

-echinoidea

-holothuroidea

208
Q

echinoidea

A

-sand dollars and sea urchins

-armless with well-developed endoskeletons which may be either;
-globose with enlarged spines (urchins)
or - flattened with numerous short spines (dollars)
or - slightly inflated with numerous short spines (heart or biscuit urchins)

209
Q

Sea urchins

A

-grazers that feed on seaweed by scraping the substrate with a specialized structure called aristoles lantern

210
Q

sand dollars

A

-feed on suspended microscopic aniamls like copepods and larvae

211
Q

Holothuroidea

A

-sea cucumbers

-soft-bodied cucumber shaped echinoderms

-polar axis has been elongated forcing them to lie on their side rather than the oral pole

-have vestigial skeletons lacking spines

-most are suspension or filter feeders

-5 rows of tube feet, tenticles around mouth

212
Q

Phylum chordata

A

-bilateral deuterostomes with segemnted bodies

-a dorsal hollow nerve cord

-notochord

=paired pharyngeal (gill) slits

-most have a post anal tail

-two groups of invertebrates as well as vertebrates

213
Q

What are the two groups of invertevrates in phylum chordata

A

-cephalochordata and urochordata

214
Q

cephalochordata

A

-lancelets

-marine fish-like chordates showing oral tentacles surrounding the mouth

-v-shaped muscle segments

-lacking any vertebral or cranial skeleton

215
Q

amphioxus

A

-mouth opens into cavity of the pharynx, which is enclosed by numous gill bars

-openings between the gill bars are the pharynheal gill slits, used for filter feeding and gas exchange

-dorsal to the pharynx and darkly stained intestine is the notochord

-notochord is a rod like structure that extends from one end of the body to the other

-dorsal to the notochord is the hollow, dorsal nerve cord

216
Q

Urochordata

A

-tunicates, or sea squirts

-marine with planktonic tadpole-larvae that shows all 4 chordate characteristics

-adults lost most evidence of these traits and are highly modified for sessile filter feeding with incurrent and excurrent siphons serving an enlarged filtering pharynx

217
Q

What do fungi do

A

-they protect

-they attack

-they bring bioavilable nutrients back

218
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

*cell walls of chitin
*non-motile
*nutrients obtained by absorption
= Absorptive Heterotrophs

219
Q

Stucture

A

*Hypha - filament

-aseptate - no cross walls

-coenocytic - continuous mass
of cytoplasm with many nuclei

-septate - cross walls present

220
Q

*What grows above the ground?

A

Fruiting bodies, which are
reproductive structures

221
Q

*What grows underground?

A

Mycelium: a mass of
filaments called hyphae

222
Q

Fungi roles

A

*foods, medicines, alcohol

*decomposers (saprobic fungi)

*symbiosis with other organisms (lichens, mycorrhizae)

*parasitism

223
Q

Fungi Life Cycle

A

-zygotic meiosis

-plasmogamy

-karyogamy

224
Q

*plasmogamy

A

-fusion of cytoplasm (n+n)

225
Q

karyogamy

A

-fusion of nuclei (2n)

226
Q

Fungi Phyla (names)

A

Zygomycota - zygosporangium

*Ascomycota - ascocarp

*Basidiomycota - basidiocarp

227
Q

how many ascus does phylum ascomycota have?

A

Each ascus (pl = asci) has 8 ascospores

228
Q

What is the lining surface of the gills in phylum basidiomycota?

A

basidia

229
Q

how many basidiospores does each basidium produce in phylum basidiomycota

A

4

230
Q

What is a lichen

A

Symbiotic relationship between an ascomycete/basidiomycete and a green algae.

231
Q

Basal Lineage

A
  • Metazoa
232
Q

Radial symmetry

A

there is no left or right side

if you divide them the are mirror immages

233
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

has a left and right side

-if cut in two there is two halves

234
Q

Protostomes and deuterostomes

A

Protostomes:
-spiral + determinate cleavage
-schizocoelous
-blastopore-mouth

Deuterostomes:
-radial + indeterminate cleavage
-Enterocoelous
-blastopore-anus

235
Q

Coelom Types

A

Acoelomate

Pseudocoelomate

Coelomate

236
Q

Acoelomate

A

No body cavity

237
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

body cavity partially lined with
mesoderm

238
Q

Coelomate

A

true coelom entirely lined with
mesoderm

239
Q

Bilateria Lineages

A

-Protostomia

-Lophotrochozoa

-Ecdysozoa

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Rotifera

Phylum Mollusca

Phylum Annelida

240
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

all display ecdysis
* molting of outermost layer

Phylum Nematoda

  • Phylum Arthropoda
  • Pancrustaceans
  • Myriapods
241
Q

Deuterostomes

A

-radial, indeterminate cleavage

  • coelom formation by means of enterocoelic pouches
  • blastopore forms anus
242
Q

Echinodermata

A

Secondary radial symmetry
* Calcareous endoskeleton
* Water vascular system
* Marine

243
Q

Chordata

A

-Pharyngeal slits
* Notochord
* Dorsal hollow nerve cord
* Post-anal tail

244
Q

Phylum Porifera

A
  • no true tissues or organs
  • radial symmetry (or none)
245
Q

Eumetazoa

A
  • tissues and organs
  • radial or bilateral symmetry
246
Q

Radiata

A
  • radial symmetry,
    diploblastic
247
Q

Bilateria

A
  • bilateral symmetry,
    triploblastic
248
Q
  • Phylum Echinodermata
    Deuterostomes
A
  • sea stars
  • urchins, sand dollars
  • sea cucumbers
249
Q

Phylum Chordata

Deuterostomes

A
  • Subphylum Cephalochordata - lancelets
  • Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates
  • Subphylum Vertebrata - vertebrates
250
Q
  • Phylum Arthropoda

Ecdysozoans

A

Chelicerates
* spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions

251
Q

Pancrustaceans

Ecdysozoans

A

Crusteceans: Isopoda, Decapoda, Maxillopoda, Branchiopoda

Hexapoda (insects): Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera,
Lepidoptera

252
Q

Myriapod
Ecdysozoans

A

centipedes and millipedes

253
Q

Lophotrochozoa

bilateral linages

A

molecular evidence,

lophophore, or trochophore
larva

254
Q

-Ecdysozoa

A

molecular evidence,

shedding of outermost layer

255
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Medusozoans (hydra, man-o-war, jellyfish)

Anthozoans (corals, anemones)

256
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

planarians

tapeworms

257
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Class Polyplacophora (chitons)

Class Gastropoda (snails and slugs)

Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels)

Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopuses, nautiluses)

258
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

polychaetes

earthworms

leeches

Bio lab exam (4 decks)

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