Exam 3 Flashcards
Fungi are primarily-
non-motile and obtain their nutrients by absorption, rather than ingestion
What does mycota mean
fungus-like
what does asco-, basidio-, zygo- reflect
the reproductive structures associated with that group
All fungi exhibit a sexual life cycle with-
zygotic meiosis
What are saprobic fungi
It decomposition releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere and returns nitrogenous compounds and other nutrients to the soil, thereby making these constituents available for plants, and eventually animals
mutualistic meaning
Both members benefit from the association
parasitic fungi
absorbs nutrients from living host cells
-can be pathogenic
-athletes foot
organized mass
mycelium
Each filament in mycelium
hypha
fungal hyphae
can be aseptate and conenocytic
-do not have cross-walls, instead have continuous mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei
septate hyphae
-cross walls are present
-most of the body is hidden underground or buried within its food source
-only parts exposed are reproductive structures``
Rhizopus stolonifer
-black bread mold
-live in soil or on decaying plant or animal material
they have aseptate hyphae and undergo zygotic meiosis
-spores are produced asexually by mitosis
what is the dom stage in the zygotic meiosis cycle haploid or diploid?
haploid
whats in Phylum zygomycota
-Rhizopus stolonifer
phylum zygomycota
-asexual reproduction is very common
-sexual only occurs if conditions become unfavorable for growth and if theirs two separate mating strains present
sexual rhizopus
gametangia are located on the ends of hyphae extentions
-gametangia from 2 different mating strains fuse to form a zygosporangium
-zygosporangia are thick walled and resistant
Phylum ascomycota
-many different growths
-small, unicellular yeasts
-very large complex organisms
-septate hyphae, but septa are perforated, so the cytoplasm and nuclei are still able to move freely through the hyphae
-asexual reproduction (conidia or budding)
-sexual features are defining feature of ascomycota
What is in phylum ascomycota
Penicilium
erysiphe
sordaria
peziza
Penicilium
-asexual ascomycete that reproduced by conidia
-some species play major role as the source of important drugs, like antibiotics and anti-rejection drugs, others used for cheese
sexual reproduction in ascomycota
-involves formation of a saclike structure, ascus, within which ascospores are produced following meiosis
-mostly, mitotic divition immediately follows meiosis, resulting spores are held together in the ascus until dispersal
where are asci formed?
in a complex structure called an ascocarp
What are the three types of ascocarps?
-Cleistothecium (closed and spherical)
-Perithecium (vase-shaped with a small pore at one end)
-Apothecium (cup-shaped)
-asci usually develop as a layer inside ascocarp
what type of ascocarp does sordaria have?
perithecium
What type of ascocarp does peziza have?
apothecium
Whats in Phylum basidiomycota
puffballs
mushrooms
bracket fungi
rusts
smuts
pore fungi
coprinus
agaricus bisporus
phylum basidiomycota
-have septate hyphae, but septa are perforated and surrounded by bracket-like structures
-most reproduction is sexual
-meiosis results in the production of basidiospores, from basidium
where are basidia located?
in a complex structure called basidiocarp
example of reproduction structure of a gill fungus
agaricus bisporus
mushroom
basidiocarp
stipe
stalk
lamellae
gills
annulus
collar of tissue encircling the stipe
pore fungi
mycelium inhabits the dead tree trunk
very efficient at decomposing lignin in plant tissue
-fertile lower region of the reproductive structure is organized into pores rather then on gills
-basidia line the insides of the pores and it is here where basidospores are produced and released
Puffballs, earthstars, and birds nest fungi
-basidia and nasidiospores are also produced, but basidia are enclosed in a basidiocarp
Lichens
-symbionts with other organisms
-with an alga forms lichen
-usually member of ascomycota but sometimes basidiomycota
-photosynthetic component is either nostoc, or one of about six species of green algea
-widespread in nature
-inhabit areas where neither symbiont could survive as a seperate entity
-found in arctic, deserts, on alpine peaks
-economically important as pollution indicators, natural dyes, and food for animals
What is nostoc
a blue-green bacteria
three common growth forms for lichens
crustose
foliose
fruticose
crustose
-forms a thin flat crust that is glued to the substrate
foliose
flat and leafy or round in outline; distinct upper and lower surface
fruticose
basally attached strands with hair-like, or shrub-like growth
Animals
-multicellular
-heterotropic
-most are motile in at least one stage of their life cycle
-do not possess cell walls, instead held together by structural proteins
-tissues develop from embryonic layers formed during the development of blastula and gastrulla stages
-gametic meiosis
What type of meiosis do animals go through?
gametic meiosis
gametic meiosis
gametes are haploid, rest of the stages are diploid
-every cell has two sets of chromosomes, except egg and sperm
-only multicellular stage is diploid and the products of meiosis are gametes
Animals in basal lineage of the Metazoa
-lack true tissues
-organs and body symmetry is radial or lacking
Phylum Porifera
-sponges and eumetazoa
-sessile (show little movement)
-mostly marine
-also found in freshwater environments
-feed by filtering water through pores lined with choanocytes
-water enters sponge through microscopic incurrent openings into spongocoel
-larger and more complex sponges are asymmetric and have numerous excurrent oscula
choanocytes
flagellated internal collar cells
incurrent opening
ostia
excurrent opening
osculum
sponges
secrete classy or calcareous skeletal structures (spicules)
-some lack these skeletal elements and instead have skeletons comprised of flexible proteinaceous material (spongin)
-some have spongin and spicules
Eumetazoa
-composed of definite tissues and organs
-symmetry may be radial or bilateral
-alimentary tract (if present) may have one opening (mouth) or two (mouth and anus)
-bodies may have 2 (ecto, and endo) or 3 (ecto, endo, meso) basic embryonic tissue types
-2 types of body symmetry, radially symmetrical animals and bilaterally symmetrical animals (clade bilateria)
3 basic embryonic tissue types
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
What animals are diploblastic
animals with primary radial symmetry
diploblastic
2 main embryonic tissue layers , ecto and inner endo
Mesoglea
the inner and outer layers are sperated by a thick or thin, secreted, largely or completely noncellular gelatinous matrix
Whats in Phylum Cnidaria
-jellyfish
-hydras
-corals
-anemones
Phylum Cnidaria
-all soft-bodied
-radially symmetrical animals
-bearing tentacles around a mouth opening which communicates with a pouch-like gastrovascular cavity
-gut communicates with the outside only with the mouth (no anus)
-all have stinging cells (cnidocytes) containing nematocysts
-2 basic body forms, sexual, motile, usually planktonic medusa and the asexual, nonmotile, usually sessile (attached) or sedentary (slow moving), polyp.
-both forms, but especially polyps, may be colonial
-most are marine and some are fresh water
Medusozoans
-usually quite small
-solitary or colonial
-mostly marine
-most have dom polyps
-redused medusae
-includes freshwater hydra and the incredibly complex jellyfish-like marine colony
-hydrozoan medusae disperse through jet propulsive swimming
velum
a layer of tissue around the edge of the medusa, which aids in jet-propulsion
anthozoans
-two main groups
predominate
- the large, solitary anemones are fleshy and lack any calcareous exoskeleton
corals
-live in warm, clear, tropical waters, and can form reefs
-secreate calcareous exoskeletons
Whats in phylum cnidaria
-medusozoans
-anthozoans
-
Bilateria
-triploblasic animals that show primary bilateral symmetry
-organs are well developed and organized into systems
-a body cavity (coelom) between the gut and body wall may be absent (acoelomate), partly with mesoderm (pseudocoelomate), or completely lined with mesoderm (eucoelomate)
animals exhibiting protostome development
-embryology is characterized by spiral
-determinate cleavage
-mesoderm arising from cells near the lip of the blastopore
-coelom arising as a split in an originally solid mass of mesoderm
-mouth arising from the embryonic blastopore
What 2 lineages that exhibit protostome development
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa
Lophotrochozoa
-a few display a set of ciliated tentacles called a lophophore, some members of other eucoelomate phyla in this branch have a ciliated trochophore larva
Phylum Platyhelminthes
-planarians, tapeworms
-bilateral
-acoelomate
-marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats
Planarian
-free-living
-freshwater flatworms
-cephalization
-branched gut
-mouth opens mid-ventrally at end of an eversible pharynx
Tapeworm
-scolex and hooks )anterior portion of the worm)
-long chains of segments called proglottids
-form in the region behind scolex
-male and female reproductive systems
-as proglottids age they become sexually mature and gravid (filled with eggs)
-break off and shed in feces of the host
Phylum Rotifera
-are pseudocoemlomate
-free-living
-marine and freshwater animals
-swim and feed with an anterior ciliated corona and break up food particles with complex internal jaws
-complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
What are mastax
complex internal jaws
difference between rotifera and platyhelminthes
rotifera have complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
Phylum mollusca
-bilateral
-eucoelomate protostomes that lack segmentation
-most species are marine and possess a radula
-7-8 clades
muscular foot
used for locomotion or food capture
visceral mass
contains the organ systems
mantle
a soft tissue that secretes the shell
mantle cavity
Where gills and excretory organs are located
phylum mollusca bodies are composed of:
- a muscular foot
-visceral mass
-mantle
-mantle cavity
-calcareous shell
Which clades in phylum mollusca did we study?
Polyplacophora
gastropoda
bivalvia
cephalopoda
Polyplacophora
-chitons have 8 overlapping shell plates along the dorsal midline
-foot is used as a suction cup to adhere to rocks
-radula is used to scrape algae from rocks
gastropoda
-snails and slugs
-have a single spiral shell
-bodies show torision (twisting)
-mucus is secreted to aid in locomotion
-radula used for feeding
Bivalvia
-clams, oysters, scallops, mussels
-paired lateral shells which are hinged dorsally
-radula is absent and the head is reduced
-gills are enlarged for suspension or filter feeding
-foot is used for anchorage and locomotion
Cephalopoda
-squids, octopuses, nautiluses
-head and foot are fused in this group
-shell can be muti-coloured and external (nautilus), internal (squid) or absent (octopuses)
-head is modified into tentacles for prey capture and manipulation
-foot forms a siphon that is modified for jet-propelled locomotion
Phylum annelida
-are eucoelomate
-segmented worms
-sgements usually divided internally by transverse septa, membranous paritions that seperate each segment
-most show evidence of cephalization
-closed circulatory systems
-complete gut
-2 major clades, errantia and sedentaria
What is cephalization
development of an anterior head and concentration of nervous system and sense of organs there
closed circulatory systems
-distant from heart, arteries and veins are connected by capillaries
complete gut
mouth and anus present
What are the two major clades in phylum annelida
errantia and sedentaria
What is in phylum annelida
polychaetes
earthworms
leeches
polychaetes
-marine
-lateral, fleshy parapodia beset with numerous chaetae and well-developed head appendages such as jaws, tentacles, and eyes
-are dioecious
what is dioecious
they have separate sexes
earthworms
-large freshwater or terrestrial
-lack parapodia
-very few chaetae per segment
-reduced heads and evidence of cephalization
-most are scavengers, feeding on dead organic matter, especially vegetation
-small freshwater species feed on detritus and microorganisms
-have a clitellum
-hetmaphroditic
What is clitellum
That band around worms used for reproduction
produces a mucous film important for reproduction
Hermaphroditic
having both female and male reproductive organs
leeches
-largely fresh water, but in damp terrestrial also
-lack internal septa
-dorsoventrally flattened
-lobed intestines
-posses a clitellum
-hermaphroditic
-lack chaetae, which the other two have
-most are intermittent ectoparasitic blood feeders, but some are predators or scavengers
-anterior sucker is reduced but posterior sucker is easily seen
-eyes are present
dorsoventrally flattened
body thats flat in upper and lower parts
ectoparasitic
live on the skin of host to feed on blood
Chaetae
small bristle-like hairs protruding from each segment
-normally 8 on a segment
Dorsal blood vessel- in worms
-visible through transparent skin, as a dark line on the dorsal surface
Genital pores- in worms
pair of large pores, openings of the vas deferens
-midway between mouth and ciltellum
muscular pharynx - in worms
-fuzzy surface cuz of dilator muscles extending body wall
-contraction expands the pharynx and sucks in particles of soil and detritus
crop-in worms
thin-walled sac for storage
gizzard- in worms
muscular organ for grinding food particles
typhlosole-in worms
-large rod of tissue hanging suspended in the intestine
Dorsal blood vessel-worm
dark tube overlying the digestive tract
-blood from the capillaries of each segment collects into the dorsal blood vessel and flows forward to the esophagus