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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is in the SAR clade?

A

Stramenopiles (Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae

alveolates ( Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates)

Rhizarians (forarms, cercozoans, radiolarians)

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2
Q

What are in Excavata

A

diplomonads

parabasalids

Euglenozoans

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3
Q

What are in Archaeplastida?

A

Red algae

chlorophytes

charophytes

land plants

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4
Q

what are in unikonta?

A

Ameobozoans ( slime moulds, tubulinids, entamoebas)

opisthokonts ( nucleariids, fungi, animals, choanflagellates)

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5
Q

What are protists characteristics?

A

-extremely diverse

-mostly unicellular

-some colonial

some multicellular

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6
Q

How are protists like plants?

A

photosynthetic,

sessile

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7
Q

How are protists fungus- like?

A

-heterotrophic (absorption)

-relatively sessile

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8
Q

How are protists animal like?

A

-heterotrophic (ingestion)

-motile

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9
Q

what are protists habits?

A

-aquatic (marine and freshwater)

-moist terrestrial

-parasitic

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10
Q

reproduction in eukaryotes

A

-one of four conditions that define “life”

-most eukaryotes reproduce sexually

-some also reproduce asexually through binary fission, budding, fragmentation

-in most cases of sexual reproduction, haploid gametes are formed via meiosis (gametic)

-return to the diploid state via syngamy (fusion)

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11
Q

structural and functional diversity is greater in_____ then any other group

A

protists

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12
Q

protists may be -

A

unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

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13
Q

what is mixotrophy?

A

the combination of photoautotrophy and heterotropy

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14
Q

What is heterotropy?

A

getting its food from other plants or animals, or relating to such living things

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15
Q

What is photoautotrophy?

A

organisms that carry out photosynthesis

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16
Q

Protists acquire their energy through processes of -

A

photoautotrophy

heterotropy

mixotrophy

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17
Q

Syngamy

A

The fusion of the male and female gametes during fertilization

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18
Q

Supergroup Excavata: euglenozoans

A

-can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic

-unique flagella used for locomotion

-have chlorophyll a and b

-no cell wall composed of cellulose

-freshwater euglena are mixtotrophic

-store energy as a carbohydrate called paramylon

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19
Q

What super group is euglenozoans (euglena) from?

A

Excavata

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20
Q

How do euglenids differ from green algae?

A

they do not have a cell wall composed of cellulose

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21
Q

What super group are alveolates from?

A

The SAR clade

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22
Q

What are (ciliates) stentors?

A
  • a grey-green ciliate that possesses minute hair-like structures called cilia in rows along the oral groove

-they feed on other microscopic organisms by sweeping food into the oral groove and enveloping it in a food vacuole for absorption

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23
Q

alveolates: dinoflagellates

A

-predominantly marine, single celled organisms

-many have photosynthrtic pigments, a few are are mixotropic

-other nonpigmented species are heterotrophic or parasitic

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24
Q

stramenopiles: Diatoms

A

-unicellular photosynthetic algae

-major part of plankton in marine and freshwater habitats where they are transported by currents and turbulence

-cell wall have 2 valves made of silica

-shape is normally described as centric or pennate

-has 2 views, valve, and girdle

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25
Q

Stramenopiles : Brown algae (laminaria)

A

-common in temperate marine waters

-cell walls composed of cellulose and derive their nutrition from photosynthesis

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26
Q

What are supergroup Archaeplastida

A

key photosynthetic protists

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27
Q

red algae (polysiphonia)

A

-marine organisms

-call walls are composed of cellulose

-has chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin

-some are parasitic on other red algae and lack those pigments

-lack flagellated stages in their life cycle so they are entirely dependent on currents for fertilization and dispersal

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28
Q

What supergroup is red algae in?

A

Archaeplastida

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29
Q

what is Chlorophyll a

A

A photosynthetic pigment

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30
Q

What is phycoerythhrin?

A

A photosynthetic pigment that is adapted to take advantage of a wide specrum of light in various depths of water

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31
Q

What is polysiphonia?

A

a widespread marine alga with a branching, filammentous thallus

filaments can reach up to 30 cm in length and are composed of a single elongated central cell coated with several layers of cells

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32
Q

Green algae: chlorophytes and charophytes

A

-most ecologically and evolutionarily important algae.

-primary souce of food for aquatic animals and health food supplements for humans

-many similarities to land plants including having cellulose cell walls

-both sexual and asexual

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33
Q

Two types of green algae

A

chlorophytes and charophytes

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34
Q

Chlorophytes (volvox)

A

-unicellular, colonial, filamentous-like, and parenchymatous

-most are free living, some chlorophytes are known to form lichens in a mutalistic relationship with fungi

-inhabit freshwater environments although some species are found in marine and terrestrial environments

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35
Q

Volvox

A

-highly developed colony

-hallow ball

-ball composed of hundreds of flagellated cells that cannot reproduce in isolation

-daughter cells form inside of and are eventually relased by the large colony

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36
Q

Charophytes (spirogyra)

A

-exhibit diverse thallus (body) forms

-inhabits many different types of environments

-most closey related to land plants

-the types of cellulose, synthesizing protein in the plasma membrane, the presence of peroxisomes, and the process of forming land plants and the charophtes

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37
Q

Spirogyra

A

A fliamentous member of the charophytes with an elongated chloroplast

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38
Q

what supergroup is amoebozoans

A

unikonta

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39
Q

Ameobozoans: slime moulds

A

-physarum

-sometimes referred to as “fungus-like” protists

-important role as decomposers in terrestrail habitats and so resemble fungal organisms

-often colourful and live an almost anything moist (soil, rain gutters)

-in vegetative state they are thin, streaming masses of multinucleated protoplasm referred to as a plasmodium

-engulf bacteria and organic compounds by phagocytosis

-when food and/or water supply runs low, plasmodimum stops moving and begins to form a series of small mounds which develops into a mature sporangium that produces spores

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40
Q

What is a sporangium?

A

-a spore-containing sac that produces spores

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41
Q

Ameobozoans: Tubulindis

A

(ammoeba proteus)

-sometimes referred to as animal-like” protists

-they move by forming and extending a pseudopodium at any point on their body surfaces

-feed by phagocytosis

-cytoplasm is into two regions
-ectoplasm, nonflowing and more peripheral in position
-endoplasm, more fluid and more central in position

-plasma membrane which has adhesive properties and new pseudopodia attach to the substrate as they are formed

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42
Q

Protist table

A

-…-

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43
Q

Why is green algae closest to land plants?

A

-has chlorophyll a and b

-caretenoids

-xanthophylls

cell walls are predominantly composed of cellulose and photosynthetic products are stored as starch

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44
Q

What makes land plants and algae different?

A

they are distinguished from the charophytes by the development of apical meristemms, spores with sporopollein enriches walls within sporangia, and possessing multicelluar gametangia (antheridia and archegonia, and possessing an embryo (sporophyte) that develops within the archegonium

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45
Q

all plants, as well as some green and brown algae exhibit-

A

life cycles with sporic meiosis

-all organisms with this life cycle exhibit alternation of generatinos, where a multicellular, hapoid form of the organism (gametophyte) alternates with a multicellular diploid form (sporophyte)

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46
Q

what is isomorphic alternation of generations?

A

if two generations appear to be identical

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47
Q

What is a heteromorpic alternation of generations?

A

If the gametophyte and sporophyte stages are phenotypically distinct

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48
Q

PineLife-cycle table

A

–…—

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49
Q

Why do land plants echibit a variety of morphological and physiological modifictations of their body organizations?

A

-they are responses to selection pressures assosicated with the move from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment

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50
Q

differences between plant and water environments for plant growth

A

aqatic environment:
-water is available to all cells and also acts as a supportive medium
-oxygen, CO2 and minerals required by a photosynthetic organism are in solution and so most cells are capable of photosynthesis

Terrestrail habitats:
-light, oxygen and CO2 areavailable but water is often limiting, and when present is noramlly in soil
-photosynthesis and nutrient absorbation are often seperated in terrestrial photosynthetic organisms

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51
Q

what specialized cells have plants evolved

A

cells for photosynthesis, for transport of organic and inorganic nutrients, and those for reproduction

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52
Q

unlike animal cells, a typical plant cell possesses what?

A

a rigid cell wall that surrounds the protoplast

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53
Q

What is the protoplast?

A

it comprises the contents of the cell: the plasma membrane, the cytosol, the nucleus, and other membrane-bound structures such as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and chloroplasts

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54
Q

Living, metabolically active plant cells have a-

A

primary cell wall

-composed of cellulose and is somewhat flexible to permit growth

some plants have a secondary cell wall
-deposited inside the primary cell wall after the cell has stopped expanding
-may also contain a plant polymer called lignin

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55
Q

what is lignin

A

a plant polymer

-a chemcial that renders the cell wall infelxible

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56
Q

parenchyma cells

A

-unspecialized cells (not differentiated) that are thined walled and many sided

-make up the bulk of the plant body and perform virtually all the metabolic activities required by the plant

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57
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

cells with unevenly thickened, nonlignified primary cell walls that allow the cells to stretch

-are thickened in the corners

-They do not have a secondary cell wall and are alive at maturity

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58
Q

What is the funtion of the collenchyma cells structure is?

A

To give the plant strength

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59
Q

in which regions of the plant body would you expect to find coolenchyma cells?

A

under epidermis

peticles

leaf veins

young stems

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60
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

-thick, ignified secondary walls

-lack a protoplast at maturity

-provide strength and support in regions of the plant that have ceased elongating

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61
Q

What is the major function of cells with a secondary cell wall?

A

To provide additional strength

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62
Q

when they are functionally mature, Sclerenchymma cells generally have no protoplast and therefore are not living. Why might this be?

A

They have thick secondary walls which do not elongate during cell growth

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63
Q

What are tissues?

A

-Groups that perform similar functions

-may be simple or complex

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64
Q

What are simple tissues?

A

only a single type of cell is found

-the name reflect on the type of plant cell of which they are composed

ex- tissue solely composed of collenchymma cells would be called collenchyma tissue

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65
Q

What is complex tissue?

A

-are composed of more than one cell type

-defined by their function and location

theres three types of complex tissues:
- xylem, pholem, and epidermal

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66
Q

What are xylem tissue?

A

-complex

-made up of a number of cell types (including parenchyma cells and a veriety of sclerenchyma cell types)

there are more sclerenchyma cells than parenchyma

the principle water conducting tissue in vascular plants

-actual transport of water and minerals throughout the plant that have lignified secondary cell walls at maturity

-parenchyma cells do not participate directly in conduction

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67
Q

Why are the functional transporting cells living or nonliving? why?

A

Nonliving, so their cell walls serve as conduits so the water can move

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68
Q

What is phloem tissue

A

-an aggregation of parenchyma and sclerenchyma cell types

-functions prinipally as a conducting tissue for photosynthate (food) in vascular plants

-conducting cells are derived from parenchyma, sclerenchyma cells provide support

-more parenchyma cells than sclerenchyma cells

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69
Q

how are xylem and phloem functionally different from each other?

A

Xylem transports and stores water and minerals.

-larger

Phloem transports sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules in plants

-smaller

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70
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

-makes up the outermost cell layer of the plant body

-covers leaves, floral parts, fruits, seeds, stems, and roots

-one cell layer thick and is sometimes covered with a waxy cuticle on aboveground parts

-stomata are pores in the plant epidermis of most leaves that are surrounded by 2 guard cells, which controls the opening and closing of the aperture

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71
Q

What is the purpose of the waxy covering on plants?

A

To prevent water loss

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72
Q

what is the function of guard cells

A
  • help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata.
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73
Q

Would you predict that the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf would be identical in appearance? Why?

A

No, the upper part of the leaf is lighter then the lower half because it tends to get more sunlight

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74
Q

where can you find specialized parenchyma cells?

A

on the epidermis

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75
Q

What are parebchyma cells?

A

on root tips, these cells form root hairs and function to increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals

-on leaves and stems these cells are called trichomes and look like little hairs

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76
Q

Seedless nonvascular plants

A

-bryophytes

-they phylum hepatophyta (liverworts) and phylum bryophyta (mosses), make up the seedless nonvascular plants

-have a simple ¨body plan¨ calleda thallus

exhibit heteromorphic alternation of generations, however, in bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant generation

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77
Q

what is a thallus?

A

-a ¨body-plan¨

-of a bryophyte- they are pretty small and not differentiated into stems, leaves and roots, and therefre it lacks a specialized conduction system

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78
Q

What is phylum hepatophyta?

A

liverworts

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79
Q

Phylum hepatophyta

A

-liverworts

-pores leads to air chambers benealth the upper surface of the thallus

-Rhizoids

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80
Q

The function of pores

A

regulate gas exchange through their stomata

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81
Q

What are Rhizoids

A

-tiny thread-like structures thats function is to anchor the thallus to the substrate and allow the plant to absorb water and nutrients directly from the substrate

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82
Q

Asexual reproduction for liverworts

A

-gemmae cups develop on the surface of the thallus

-the cups produce samll packets of cells called gemmae that are dispersed by splashing out in the rain

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83
Q

Are gemmae formed by mitosis or meiosis. what is its ploidy?

A

-haploid (n)

-mitosis

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84
Q

Sexual reproduction for liverworts

A

the little umbrellas bear antheridia or archegonia

-fertilization results in a sporophyte that remains permanently attached and dependent on the gametophyte

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85
Q

Archegonia

A

produces eggs

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86
Q

Antheridia

A

produces sperm

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87
Q

Phylum Bryophyta

A

-mosses produce protonema as the first satge after spore germination

-spores are round tan objects that will grow by mitosis to produce protonemata

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88
Q

what is protonema?

A

thread-like structures

-buds that form will eventually develop into leafy gametophytes, which is attached to a substrate by thin filaments of cells called rhizoids

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89
Q

are protonemata haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

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90
Q

What will happen when leafy gametophytes mature?

A

-they will produce gametangia

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91
Q

Are eggs haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

92
Q

is sperm haploid or diploid

A

haploid

93
Q

are sperm produced by mitosis or meiosis?

A

Meiosis

94
Q

The sperm if these plants is flagellated. What kind of environment conditions would be required for the sperm cells to reach the egg cells for fertilization

A

They need water and so they must be in moist habitats

95
Q

sporophyte and gametophyte for moss

A

-sporophyte results from mitotic divitions of the fertilized egg in the archegonium and in dependent on the gametophyte for some of its nutrients

96
Q

life cycle table

A

—…—

97
Q

The earlier vascular plants were-

A

seedless

98
Q

What are the two living phyla of seedless vascular plants that are still alive?

A

Monilophyta

lycophyta

99
Q

what is the dominant generation for seedless vascular plants?

A

the sporophyte generation

100
Q

phylum monilophyta

A

-most ferns are related plants, are homosporous

-fern sporophytes are diploid

-ferns have an underground stem (rhizome), from which fronds (leaves0 arise

-pinnae

-the frond is a megaphyll that is characterized by a complex vascular trace

101
Q

What does homosporous mean?

A

-the plant produces only one size of spore in its sporangia

-the spores germinate and grow into free-living gametophytes bearing both antheridia and archegonia (a bisexual gametophyte)
-bisexual gametophyte is called a prothallus

102
Q

Phylum lycophyta

A

selaginella, a heterosporous species in this phylum

-plant produces small cones called strobilil on the tips of the branches

-has mircophyll types of leaves which are only in lycophytes
-the single strand of vascular tissue in the centre of the selaginella leaf

-a few members have evolded heterospory, so the products of meiosis are two different sizes of spores, microspores and megaspores

-these spores germinate (grow) and become microgametophytes and megagametophytes that mature inside the spore wall
103
Q

What does selaginella do?

A

-produces 2 types of sporangia and two kinds of spores- megaspores in megasporangia, microspores in microsporangia

-megaspores and microspores germinate to produce unisexual gametophytes that are retained in the spore

-megaspores germinate to form megagametophytes (female gametoplytes) that produce female gametes (eggs)

-microspores germminate to form microgametophytes (male gametophytes) that produce male gametes (sperm)

104
Q

what are pinnae?

A

a frond that is divided further into little “leaf-like” segments

105
Q

What are clusters of sporangia called?

A

sori (single, sorus)

106
Q

what is an indusium?

A

a flap of pinna tissue that covers each sorus

107
Q

What is the annulus?

A

-a ring of thick-walled cells surrounding each sporangium

-it opens the sporangium and disperses the spores

108
Q

What is a fern gametophyte also known as?

A
  • a prothallus

-they are bisexual, free-living, and photosythetic

-at maturity, it is flat and heart shaped

109
Q

what is the function of prothallus

A

to produce the gametes

110
Q

How is the fact that antheridia and archegonia mature at different times on the same prothallus adaptive in homosporous ferns?

A

Because it increases the chances of cross-fertilization as well as genetic variation

111
Q

How is the sporophyte developed in ferns?

A

-the sperm is released from the antheridia, swim to the neck of the archegonium and then travel down to the egg.

-the fertilized egg (zygote) develops into a sporophyte which then attaches to and is dependent upon the gametophyte for nutrients

-then becomes free-living while the gametophyte shrivels and dies

112
Q

Life cycle table -pg 85

A

–..—

113
Q

where does fertillization take place in selaginella

A

on the megagametophyte

114
Q

strobilus is made up of many fertile leaves called-

A

sporophylls, which has a sproangium on its upper surface

-some sporangia have megaspores in megasporangia on megasporophylls, while others have small spores, microspores in microsporangia on microsporophylls

115
Q

fig 5.5 86

A

–…–

116
Q

What generation is selaginella from?

A

gametophyte

117
Q

Protonema ploidy and function?

A

-n

-they form the earliest stage of development of the gametophyte

118
Q

Rhizoids ploidy and function?

A

-n

-absorbs water and nutrients from the soil

119
Q

Antherisdium ploidy and function?

A

-n

-produces and holds sperm cells

120
Q

Archegonium ploidy and function?

A

-n

-produces and holds the eggs

121
Q

Sperm and egg ploidy and function?

A

-n

-used for reporduction- fertilization

122
Q

zygote ploidy and function?

A

-2n

-fertilized egg which develops into spotophyte embryos

123
Q

Capsule ploidy and function?

A

-2n

-produces the spores

124
Q

Peristome ploidy and function?

A

-n

-releases the spores

125
Q

Operculum ploidy and function?

A

-2n

-controls the release of spores over a long period of time

126
Q

are spores in the mosses and ferns produced by mitosis or meiosis?

A

meiosis

127
Q

Why is water still required in ferns and clubmossess to complete the life cycle?

A

So the sperm can move through the water and get to the egg

128
Q

What are the three characteristics in seedless vascular plants that allow them to survive in terrestrail habitats

A

-roots

-vascular tissue

-lignin

129
Q

Traits shared by charophyceans and
land plants:

A
  • Possession of chlorophylls a + b, carotenoids, and xanthophylls
  • Cell wall of cellulose
  • Photosynthate stored as starch

Also:
– Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins (see figure)
– peroxisomes
– Structure of flagellated sperm
– Formation of a phragmoplast

130
Q

Derived traits of land
plants:

A

apical meristems
* walled spores in sporangia
* multicellular gametangia
* dependent embryos

All land plants also undergo sporic meiosis, which is also referred to as ‘alternation of
generations’.

131
Q

Basic Plant Anatomy

A

cell wall - rigid
* primary cell wall
* cellulose, somewhat
flexible
* Always present
* secondary cell wall
* cellulose and lignin, inflexible
* Sometimes present
* plasma membrane
* protoplast (living contents of cell)

132
Q

Heteromorphic vs Isomorphic Alternation of Generations

A

Ulva represents isomorphic A
of G as the gametophyte and
sporophyte look identical

Ferns represent
heteromorphic A of G as the
gametophytes and
sporophytes look different

133
Q

Plant Cell Types: Parcnchyma cells

A

Parenchyma cells
* primary cell walls
* unspecialized
* metabolically active

134
Q

Plant Cell Types: Collenchyma cells

A

Collenchyma cells
* primary cell walls
* Support/growth
* living

135
Q

Plant Cell Types: Sclerenchyma cells

A

Sclerenchyma cells
* secondary cell walls
* support in areas that are done growing
* no protoplast at maturity

136
Q

Simple tissue

A
  • single cell type
  • named after cell type
  • eg. collenchyma tissue is composed of collenchyma cells
137
Q

Complex tissue

A
  • more than one cell type (or highly specialized)
  • Three types: xylem, phloem and epidermal
138
Q

Phloem

A
  • parenchyma and sclerenchyma
  • nutrient transport
139
Q

Xylem

A
  • parenchyma and sclerenchyma
  • water transport
140
Q

Seedless Non-vascular Plants:

A

small
* no true stems or roots
* no specialized conduction
system
* Heteromorphic alternation of
generations
* gametophyte dominant
generation
* high dependence on water to
complete life cycle

141
Q

Phylum Hepatophyta

A
  • Common name = Liverworts
  • Name from the appearance of the plant body (thallus) – looks like the lobes of a liver
142
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants

A
  • specialized conduction system
  • lignified cell wall for support
  • sporophyte generation dominant
143
Q

Phylum Monilophyta L

A

homosporous

  • Bisexual gametophyte called a prothallus
  • Leaf a megaphyll
144
Q

Phylum Lycophyta L

A

Most are heterosporous, including Selaginella

  • Leaf a microphyll
145
Q

Plant Adaptations for Dry Land 1)

A

Reduction of gametophyte
generation

  • retained within sporangia
    * protection from drought
    and UV radiation
    * nutrients obtained from
    sporophyte
146
Q

Plant Adaptations for Dry Land 2)

A

Heterospory

  • ovule - megaspore retained within sporophyte, produces
    female gametophyte, which produces an egg cell in
    protected environment
  • pollen - designed to be dispersed from parent plant to
    ovule
147
Q

Plant Adaptations for Dry Land 3)

A

seeds
* protective coat
* food supply for embryo
* wide dispersal ability
* Seeds can be interpreted as a fertilized ovule; the embryo, a food supply, a protective coat derived from the integument

148
Q

Gymnosperms

A

‘naked seeds’

Phyla:
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

149
Q

Gymnosperm Phyla

A

Phylum Gnetophyta

Phylum Ginkgophyta

Phylum Cycadophyta

150
Q

Angiosperms

A
  • flowers and fruit
151
Q

Phylum Coniferophyta

A

drawing

152
Q

Angiosperms L

A

Phylum Anthophyta

pic of flower parts

153
Q

Inferior vs superior ovary

A

drawing

154
Q

angiosperm cycle

A

darwing-pic

155
Q

seed plants have become the most ___ feature of the terrestrial landscape

A

dominant

156
Q

what do seeds offer?

A

protectino fron unfavourable environments and stored food reserves for developing embryos

157
Q

All seed plants are-

A

heterosporous

-a dominant sporophyte generation and a much-reduced gametophyte generation that develops on the sporophyte

158
Q

Where is the dispersal of male gametes on seed plants?

A

it takes place in pollen grains and eliminates the requirment for water in fertilization

159
Q

The gymnosperms

A

-all are woody perennials

-produce seeds on structures that are open and exposed to the surrounding environments (naked seed), rather then enclosed in an extra protective structure as in the angiosperms

-produce multi-nucleated pollen grains for protection and transportation of male gametes for fertilization

-seeds develop and mature in cone-like structures called strobili before being realsed for dispersal

160
Q

What are the 4 extant phyla of gymnosperms?

A

Cycadophyta

Gnetophyta

Ginkgophyta

coniferophyta

161
Q

Cycadophyta

A

perdominant during dinos

-thrive in tropical and sub-tropical regions

162
Q

Ginkgophyta

A

-only has one species, ginkgo biloba, thats living

163
Q

Gnetophyta

A

-only three exist

-ephedra (type of ephedrine) the only species in North America and can be found in arid regions

164
Q

Coniferophyta

A

-the most abundant and successful of the gymnosperm phyla

-consists of trees like pines, spruces, firs, and larches

165
Q

Cones are composed of several leaves that bear___ on their lower surfaces

A

microsporangia

166
Q

Can you distinguish the microsporangia and the mircosporophylls?

A

Microsporangia is the modified leaf that contains the microsporophylls

167
Q

What is the microsporangia in male cones?

A

The sites of meiosis

168
Q

Microspores in male cones

A

-they develop into pollen grains which consists of 4 cells

169
Q

What are the 4 cells of a pollen grain

A

tube cell

generative cell

prothallial cells

sterile cells

170
Q

What is a tube cell?

A

-it is responsible for growth of the pollen tube (often it is only the nucleus of the tube cell that is visible

171
Q

What is a generative cell?

A

-it will divide to produce two sperm cells and 2 prothallial or sterile cells

172
Q

what are the prothallial and sterile cells?

A

they represent the remains of the vegetative body of the male gametophyte

173
Q

what is the wings for?

A

to aid in its dispersal

174
Q

what gender of cone is more complex?

A

Females

175
Q

megasporangia

A

upper surface of a flat structure called the scale, which in turn sits above another structure termed a bract.

-they are surronded by extra layers of tissue called the integument and are now referred to as ovules

176
Q

Pine ovule pic

A

—…— pg 94

177
Q

in the gymbosperm life cycle

A

a pollination droplet captures th epollen grains at the opening to the micropyle

-droplet dries, pollen grains are pulled into the pollen chamber where they germinate

-vegetative cell becomes the pollen tube that grows into the archegonim where the egg cell has formed

-fertilization happens when the 2 non-motile sperm nuclei are discharged from the pollen tube into the egg cell

-one nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus and one degenerates

-zygote develops by mitosis to form an embryo surrounded by female gametophyte tissue

-tissue serves as a nutrient supply for the young developing sporophyte

-the integument deelops into a resistant seed coat

-the seed then, is a package containing an embryo, food storage material, and a protective coat

178
Q

What tissue is the seed coat derived?

A

The integument

179
Q

the embryo of a seed is sporophyte or gametophyte?

A

Sporophyte

180
Q

The angiosperms phylum?

A

anthophyta

181
Q

The angiosperms

A

-flowering plants are the most diverse and widespread group of plants

-250,000 species

-anthophyta- antho = flower

phylum are divided into 2 groups:
monocots and dicots

Phylum anthophyta has 4 main groups

182
Q

Group monocots

A

includes grassed, lilies, palms, and grain crops

183
Q

group dicots

A

includes roses, legumes, sunflowers, and trees like oaks and poplars

-paraphyletic

184
Q

Phylum anthophyta has 4 main groups

A

-basal angiosperms

-magnoliids

-monocots (largest)

-eudicots

185
Q

Most angiosperms are___

A

Hermaphroditic
-sexual reproduction can occur either through self-fertilization or cross-pollination (outcrossing)

186
Q

Pollen, seeds and fruits are all adapted for__

A

dispersal- aided by both abiotic and biotic agents

187
Q

What are abiotic agents

A

wind

water

gravity

-common and evident

188
Q

what are biotic agents

A

insects

birds

other animals

-showy flowers, colour, shape, smell, and rewards attract pollinators

189
Q

The flower

A

-a highly modified and specialized shoot whose function is reproduction

-leaf like sepals

-petals, coloured for attraction, 2nd whorl

-stamens comprise the 3rd whorl.
-composed of a slender stalk, termed the filament, and a pollen-bearing anther, derived from a microsporangium
-develop from microsporophylls

-carpels constitute the 4th (innermost) whorl.
-composed of a swollen ovary, containing one or more ovules, a style, that connects the ovary to the stigma, and a stigma, the pollen receiving site
-develop from megasporophylls
-might be more then one in a flower depending on the species- they remain seperate, or they fuse together to form a single reproductive structure (the gynoecium)

190
Q

The pollen grain (reduced male gametophyte)

A

-lilium anther

-2 cells:
-tube cell
-generative cell

191
Q

anther

A

-derived from a microsporangium

-microspores produced inside the anther develop into pollen grains

192
Q

are microspores from pollen grains produced by mitosis or meiosis

A

meiosis

193
Q

Are pollen grains haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

194
Q

only two cells visable in pollen grain. what are they and their functions?

A

generative cell: to act as the reproductive cell of the pollen grain

tube: to move the male gametes to the ovule

195
Q

The female gametophyte

A

lilium ovary

there are 6 ovules visable: megasporangium + megaspore + integuments

-each ovule is attached to the centre axis of the ovary by a stalk called the funiculus

196
Q

in typical angiosperms, a diploid meiocyte inside the megasporangium ___

A

divides meiotically to produce 4 haploid nuclei

-3 degenerate, 1 undergoes mitotic divistion 3 times to get 8 haploid nuclei

-nuclei comprise the female gametophyte, or embryo sac

-during fertilization, the pollen tube produced by a male gametophyte will grow through the micropyle to deliver 2 sperm to the embryo sac

pg 99

197
Q

Lilium embryo sac

A

-3 antipodal cells at the end of the sac (opposite the micropyle)

-2 nuclei in the central region of the embryo sac, termed the polar nuclei

-3 nuclei at the micropyle end of the embryo sac, cosisting of 2 synergids surrounding the egg

198
Q

Double fertilization

A

1 sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a zygote (2n), which eventually divides by mitosis to become the embryo

-second sperm nucleus does not degenerate but instead fuses with the 2 polar nuclei to form the endosperm nucleus (3n)

-endosperm nucleus then divides to form endosperm tissue, which provides nutrition for the devlopin embryo

-the fertilized ovule is termed a seed

-seeds remain inside the ovary, which develops into the fruit

pg 100

199
Q

The seed

A

-cotyledons

-embryo is located between the 2 cotyledons

-radicle

200
Q

what are cotyledons

A

-fleshy and leaf-like in seeds

-a food storage tissue until the growing seedling becomes photosynthetic

201
Q

What is the plumule

A

located near the top of the embryo, represents the first set of true leaves produced by the embryonic shoot apical meristem

202
Q

What is the radicle?

A

an embryonic root that emerges from the bean seed as it splits the seed coat

203
Q

The fruit

A

-develops from ovary wall material following fertilization of the ovules within

-as seed develop, the ovary wall simutaneously thickens to become the pericarp

-function of fruit is to protect the seeds and to aid in their dispersal

-may have one or more ovaries (true fruits) or may incoroporate other floral parts in addition to the ovary (accessory fruits)

may be dry or fleshy.

204
Q

true fruits

A

fruits that may have one or more ovaries

205
Q

accessory fruits

A

may incoroporate other floral parts in addition to the ovary

206
Q

what are pericarps?

A

the wall of the fruit

207
Q

Dry fruits

A

-may remain intact at maturity or may split apart (like legumes)

-nuts, fruit of pea and bean plants

208
Q

Fleshy fruits

A

-have layers of fleshy tissue surrounding the seed or seeds

-berries and drupes are fleshy fruits composed of only ovary tissue

209
Q

berries

A

-fruits with many small seeds, like grapes, bananas, or tomatoes

210
Q

drupes

A

fruits with one large seed, such as peaches, almonds, or olives

211
Q

are berries and drupes true or accessory fruits?

A

true, cuz they were developed by the ovary

212
Q

What are pomes?

A

apples and pears

213
Q

table on 103

A

–..–

214
Q

Volvox diagram

A

—..–

215
Q

spirangyra diagram

A

–..–

216
Q

Amoeba diagram

A

—..–

217
Q

physarum diagram

A

—-…—-

218
Q

diatoms diagram

A

—…—

219
Q

stentor diagram

A

—…—

220
Q

euglena diagram

A

—…—

221
Q

laminaria diagram

A

—…—

222
Q

steps to liverwort fertilization

A

1) Flagellated sperm swims up archegonial neck and fertilizes the egg

  1. The diploid zygote divides mitotically to form a dependent sporophyte, which produces spores via meiosis
  2. The spores are released, each forms a new gametophyte via mitosis
223
Q

The calyptra L

A

a remnant of gametophyte tissue.

It is attached to the sporophyte that emerges from the archegonium

224
Q

The operculum L

A

acts as a ‘lid’ for the capsule/sporangium

225
Q

The peristome L

A

aids in spore dispersal

226
Q
A

Bio lab exam (3 decks)

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