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CVM 761 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Rabbits Medicine Part A

A

European Rabbit - Oryctolagus cuniculus - Domestic rabbit

Hare: genus Lepus sp. Longer ear, larger foot, precocial young (have hair when born)

Rabbit: Oryctolagus sp. altricial young (no hair when born)

Neonates: kit, kittens = rabbit
Leveret = hare

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2
Q

Describe the characteristics of the rabbit, compare to the rodents based on skull morphology and any distinguishing characteristics

A

Rabbits

-Elodont & Hypselodont: only one set of teeth throughout their lives, incisors and molars continuous growth
-Hypsodont: no anatomical root, continually growing

Dental formula

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3
Q

Explain the origins of the common rabbit maintained as pets

A
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4
Q

Describe restraint techniques used for handling pet rabbits

A

If incorrectly restrained they can become paraplegic on the back legs bc hyperextended

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5
Q

Describe and compare the landmarks for sex identification in the rabbit

A

Buck

Doe
-Multiple cervices (3)
-Duplex Uterus
-Gestation 30-32 days

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

List the signs and techniques for treatment of dental malocclusion in rabbits

A

Malocclusion of the incisor teeth is the most common clinical presentation of dental disease

-Buccal spurs
-Lingual spurs
-Molar erosion

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8
Q

Describe gastrointestinal disease and treatment in the rabbit

A

GI physiology

-Hindgut fermentors
-Hard pellets vs. Cecotrophs
-Cecotrophs: provide protein, vitamins.

Grass Hay
-Fiber particle length
-Mechanoreceptors stimulate cecum & proximal colon

Water
-Separates fiber layers
-Ferment ingesta

Symbiotic bacterial flora, commensal yeasts

Diseases

  1. Functional Ileus
    -Acute GI stasis
    -Ddx: anorexia and/or lack of feces for >8-12 hrs is extensive
    -C/S: stomach distended with ingesta, gas present in intestines and cecum

Tx
-Rehydrate SQ, electrolyte
-Analgesia Buprenorphine or meloxicam
-Critical care feeding
-Cerenia, gastric protection
-Exercise when recovering
(Separate from other species due to stress induced)

Motility agents

-Maropitant and lidocaine CRI
-Fiber particle stimulation in hindgut

Non-enteric Disease Causes

-Liver torsions: ALT, ALP, AST
-Mechanical obstruction: TRICHOBEZOAR

Mechanical Obstruction

-Radiographs not always conclusive
-Stomach fluid filled
-Hyperglycemia
-Cecum and descending colon not gas distended

Mucoid Enteritis

-Unknown cause
-Bacterial dysbiosis and hyperacidity
-Antibiotic induced dysbiosis

Bacterial Enteritis

-Enteropathic E. coli
-Lawsonia: tx - macrolide
Clostridium piliforme Tyzzer’s disease, focal necrosis in heart, liver
-Salmonella typhimurium: contaminated food/water

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9
Q

Endoparasites & Viral

A

-Pinworm: asymptomatic, Passalurus ambiguous
-Coccidia: Emeria spp. <6mts old

Viral Enteritis

-Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 1 Calicivirus, LAGOVIRUS ~100% mortality

-Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 **Lepus spp. **

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10
Q

Rabbits Part B

A
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11
Q

List the common ectoparasites of the rabbit

A
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12
Q

Describe the common respiratory diseases of the rabbit and their presentation

A

“Snuffles”

-Most common presentation
-Typical upper airway infection
Bordetalle bronchiseptica = asymptomatic in rabbits
-Otitis media can occur
-“Wry neck” torticollis
-Conjunctivitis

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13
Q

Give Ddx for head tilt in a rabbit

A

Torticollis - Head tilt

-Ddx: Encephalitzoon cuniculi
-Intracellular protozoan
Zoonotic potential
-Granulomas in brain
-Uveitis

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14
Q

Integument

A

Subcutaneous Abscesses

-Thick caseous exudate
-Trauma
-Tooth infection

Tx
-Surgical excision
-Jaw involvement - bone curettage, antibiotics, marsupialization of site

Moist Dermatitis

-Dewlap Slobbers
-Perianally - urine scald

Ulcerative pododermatitis

Dermatophytosis

Zoonotic
-Tricophyton mentagrophytes
-Ectoparsites

Myiasis

-“Warbles”
-Cuterebra spp.
-Fly larvae

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15
Q

Renal Dz

A

Bladder Sludge

-Rabbits absorb all Ca in diet, Vit D independent process
-Excess eliminated in urine
-May lead to cystitis, bladder distention, UTI
-C/S: incontinence, urine scald, depression, bruxism

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16
Q

Describe the common endocrine and reproductive diseases in the rabbit

A

Uterine Adenocarcinoma

-Most common neoplasia in female rabbits
->4yr old
-Tx: OHE

Venereal Spirochetosis

-Traponema paraluiscuniculi

17
Q

Compare the surgical anatomy of orchiectomy and ovariohysterectomy in the rabbit and common pet rodents

A

Ovariohysterectomy

Rabbits, chinchilla, guinea pig.

Ventral midline approach

-Duplex uteri, double cervix
-Transect the vaginal body, proximal to cervixes - removes cervices

Dorsal approach

-Rat, mouse, hamster, gerbil
-Single incision or dual incision

Orchiectomy

-Large fat pad in inguinal rings prevents herniation Do not remove
-Open incision or close with glue or suture

18
Q
A
19
Q

Again and Exotic Animal Medicine: Pet birds

A
20
Q

Recognize common pet psittacines

A

Superfamilies

  1. Cacatuoidea (cockatoos cockatiels)
  2. Psittacoidea (true parrots)
  3. Stringopoidea (New Zealand parrots)

Common pet psittacines

-Australian parakeets aka budgerigars of budgies
-Cockatiels
-African grey parrot
-Love birds
-Cockatoos
-Conures variety
-Amazons
Hyacinth macaw expensive bird

21
Q

Physical Characteristics

A

-Brightly colored
-Wide variation in size
-Little to no sexual dimorphism in most species
-Cockatiels males more yellow face

-Upright stance
-Strong curved bill
Zygodactyl feet 4 toes
-Climbing birds

22
Q

Recognize basic housing requirements

A

-Many species live 50+ years

Cages

-Big enough ex: 1x1x1 per bird
-Non-toxic caging material
-Galvanized wire and clips contain zinc - toxicosis
-Perching area, keep clean

Enrichment

-Toys, but not to excess
-Cage mates important
-Novel better than many
-Free flight periods ok, careful with trauma risks, scape, etc.

23
Q

Understand general nutritional concepts

A

Commercial pelleted feed is the most reliable way to provide a balanced diet

Seed eaters
-May need additional supplements
-Fruits and vegetables added to diet
-Avoid high sugar low value fruits such as grapes or apple

Fruit and nectar eaters
Lories and lorikeets
-Many commercial diets available
-Balance commercial feeds with fresh fruit and vegetables for additional fiber

24
Q

Be familiar with basic wellness examination

A

PE

-BCS
-Eyes, nares, ears, oral cavity
-Cataracts or other ocular abnormalities
Pecten present in all birds
-Pecten: comb-like structure of vessels belonging to the choroid

-Skin, feet, bones, joints
-Pododermatitis “bumblefoot”
-Crop and coelomic palpation
-Bloodwork, CBC, plasma chem
-Birds rarely show signs of illness
-Develop a normal reference range for an individual animal

25
Q

Recognize common sings of illness

A

Signalment important!

Read up on an species natural history before appointment
-Have owner bring cage or picture of housing area
-Bring diet with label
-History
-Examination: observation before restraining

Signs of illness

-Fluffed up
-Droopy head and wings
-Closed eyes
-Increased respirations
-Isolation
-Anorexia
-Diarrhea
-Feather loss

26
Q

Be familiar with basic wellness examination

A
27
Q

Pet Birds part B

A

Restraint
Diagnostics techniques
Common diseases

28
Q

Where to collect blood samples

A

Locations

-Jugular
-Brachial
-Medial tarsometatarsal
Maximum amount of blood = 1% of BW in grams

29
Q

How much blood so safely collect

A

Locations

-Jugular
-Brachial
-Medial tarsometatarsal
Maximum amount of blood = 1% of BW in grams

30
Q

Understand different restraint methods

A

Manual vs. general anesthesia vs. sedation

Manual - Pros
-Simple, don’t hold too tight
-Airways intact

Cons
-Increased stress, temperature and RR
-Chance of trauma to bird or handler

General anesthesia - Pros
-Immobilization
-Decreased pain reflex
-Muscle relaxation

Cons
-CV depression
-Decreased airway reflex
-Post-endotracheal tube strictures (uncured ET usually recommended)
-Waste gas exposure
-May not have the equipment

Sedation
-Decreased response to unpleasant procedure
-Decreased morbidity and mortality

Sedation Drugs
-Midazolam, reversible with Flumazenil
-Butorphanol, analgesic, rarely needs reversal

Intra-nasal

-No injection pain, no bruising, no hemorrhage, high client acceptance
-Incomplete drug delivery, large volumes for bigger birds, difficult if nares are plugged

31
Q

Diagnostic Techniques

A

-Fecal examination: endoparasites, yeasts
-Cytology: FNA of masses, Choanal and Cloacal swabs, Crop wash (yeast)
-Gram stain of normal fecal flora (+)

PLasma samples
-EDTA or lithium heparin

Radiographs

-Sedate or anesthetize
-Careful positioning
-Laterals, VD, oblique view that highlight kidneys
Sticky paper tape helps

Other
-Endoscopy
-CT
-MRI
-Biopsy
-Ultrasound

32
Q

Be familiar with common Bacterial disorders

A

Chlamydiosis

Zoonotic, Reportable
-Asymptomatic chronic carriers
-Upper respiratory disease, bouts of rhinitis +/- diarrhea, lethargy, dehydration
-Dx: conundrum, combination of tests IgM, IgG, Chlamydia DNA (PCR), culture ($$).
-Tx: Tetracyclines, >45 days.
-Necropsy: diffuse fibrinous serositis, hepatic foci, elementary bodies.
-Ca supplementation suggested due to tetracyclines calcium chelators

Normal psittacine fecal flora = gram +

Mycobacterial Disease

-M. avian-intracellular complex
-Difficult diagnosis
-Necropsy findings: impression smear, histopathology, acid fast culture
-Fatal, no reliable treatment

33
Q

Be familiar with common psittacine diseases

A

Viral avian polyoma virus

-Quarantine and test new birds
#1 “Budgie fledging disease”
-Abnormal feathers grow
-Anorexia, salenitis, nephritis, basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies
-Dx: PCR
-Vaccine and annual boosters

Viral psittacine Herpes virus Hepatitis

-aka “Pacheco’s disease”
-Asymptomatic carriers
-Sudden death, or anorexia, depression, mustard colored diarrhea
-Dx: necropsy, focal hepatic and splenic necrosis, eosinophilic inclusions intranuclear
-Tx: supportive care, rarely successful
-Don’t commingle species in same environment

Viral pro ventricular dilation syndrome

-aka “Macaw wasting syndrome”
-Bornavirus
-Dx: PCR, full thickness biopsy, must get nerve
-Weight loss regurgitation +/- CNS signs
-100% fatal, many asymptomatic
-Celocoxib for inflammation

34
Q

Common infectious diseases continued

A

Viral psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

-Circovirus, difficult to kill, horizontal transmission
-<1 week old most susceptible
-Immunosuppression
-Dx: biopsy of affected feathers, basophilic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions; PCR blood and feathers best
-Tx: supportive, regular beak trims
-Most die within 12 months
-Acute in neonatal African Grey, more chronic in cockatoos

Fungal - Avian gastric yeast - Macrorhabdus ornithogaster

-Large gram (+) in feces, crop, pro ventricular wash, need multiple samples
-“Megabacteriosis”
-Ventriculus hemorrhage, pH <3 to 3-4
-PCR twice as sensitive
-Tx: Acidifying the GI tract, vinegar, sodium benzoate, grapefruit juice ; new study shows

Fungal - Aspergillosis

-Ddx: tuberculosis
-ITRACONAZOLE is TOXIC to African Grey Parrots, Do not use!!
-Secondary to stress, poor diet, immunosuppression
-Respiratory tract - air sacculitis, granulomatous pneumonia
-Weight loss, anorexia, dyspnea, change in voice quality
-Dx: +/- Increased WBC with monocytosis, radiographs, serology, tracheal culture
-Tx: antifungals oral, Terbinaphine, amphotericin B, voriconazole
-Prognosis is guarded

Fungal Candidiasis

-aka “Sour crop”
-Tx: antifungals for Candida, treat underlying condition
-Anorexia, regurgitation, crop stasis, weight loss
-Secondary to antibiotic, crop motility disorder, immunosuppression, systemic disease

35
Q

Parasitic Disease

A

Not very common

-Knemidocoptes spp. “scaly face scaly leg mites”

36
Q

Common Nutritional Disorders

A

Hypovitaminosis A

-Most common
-Respiratory, GI, urinary
-Tx: vitamin A, oral preferred

Calcium/Phosphorous imbalance

-Rickets, pathologic fractures, egg-binding, etc.
-Tx: calcium supplements and better diet

Hypocalcemia of African Grey parrots

-Not well understood
-Ca/Ph, vitamin D metabolism different
-Tx: Ca injections in acute phase, supplements for life

Obesity

-Sunflower/peanut diets
-Concurrent with vitamins deficiency usually
-Lipomas, enlarged liver
-Tx: diet and exercise
-Nutritional support if toxic

Articular Gout

-Mostly Budgies
-Uric acid crystals in joints = PAIN
-Etiology not understood

Reproductive Disorders

Chronic egg laying

-May lead to Ca depletion
-Tx: environmental changes, GNRH analogs, hysterectomy

Egg-binding, egg retention

-#1 budgies, cockatiels
-Often from hypocalcemia
-Tx: medical, calcium fluids, manual extraction, Surgery.

Cloacal Prolapse

-Can be serious and life threatening
-May occur secondary to egg-laying straining
-Prolapsed tissues are at risk of ischemia, desiccation, infection, trauma
-Tx: depends on source of collapse

37
Q

Toxicosis

A

Heavy metal toxicosis

Zinc and Lead

-Toy bell clappers, cheap caging, galvanized metal
-Anorexia, anemia, neurologic dysfunction (drunken sailor)
-Egg binding
-Red urates hematuria or porphyria
-Tx: Chelation CaEDTA

Teflon

-Produces toxic gas
-Respiratory emergency
-Supportive care
-Usually fetal

38
Q
A

CVM 761 (2 decks)

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