Exam 1 Flashcards
Lecture 1 - Bony Fish - Teleost
Anatomically unique characteristics
Heart
-2 chambers: atrium and ventricle
-Gill archers: bony arcades, bilaterally symmetrical
-Operculum: musculoskeletal flap covering each set of gill rakers; aids in respiration
-Integumentary system: scales, protective mucus layer against parasites and bacteria
Nitrification process involving bacteria in a stable aquarium
Which bacteria converts ammonia to nitrites, and which nitrites to nitrates?
Aquarium nitrogen cycle
Waste products
-Ammonia: NH4
-Nitrites: NO2
-Nitrates: NO3
Nitrosomonas: ammonia to nitrites
Nitrospira/nitrobacter: nitrites to nitrates
Excess NO3 (nitrates) removed via partial water exchanges
Do not remove entire volume of water to avoid interrupting nitrogen bacterial cycle
Trace the blood flow through the teleosts heart and gill rakers
State and explain the principles of general anesthesia for most teleosts with aqueous solution of general anesthetic using tricaine methane sulfonate, MS 222
Tricaine Methane Sulfonate salt
a.k.a MS 222
-ml/L
-Concentration varies w/depth of anesthesia
-Add buffering agent bc water becomes acidic and it can scald the fish’s gills
-Drug absorbed through the gills into the blood stream
-Recover chamber a second water tank
- Aqueous solution prepared and tank prepared including buffer
- Introduce fish
- Separate and recovery in different tank
Diagnostic sampling with general anesthesia
Venipucture & Cytology
-Vertebral tail vein: dorsal, ventral, right lateral, or left lateral tail veins
-Gill arch: brachial vessel
Gill specimen
Biopsy: gill specimen
-Normal vs. abnormal architecture of gill filaments
What are 5 examples of fish diseases?
- Ich: Icthyophthirius multifiliis (White spot disease)
- Whirling disease: Myxobolus cerebral
- Anisakis spp: nematode
- Clonorchis sinuses: trematode
- Dyphyllobothrium datum: cestode
State and understand the etiologic agents and pathogenesis of specified zoonotic fish diseases
- Fungal: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis “Ich”
-Life stages: Theront = in water
Trophont = in the fish
Tx
-Formaldehyde @25ppm
-Malachite: copper toxicity risk for other species in the aquarium
-Elevating water temp for 5-7 days
- Myxobolus cerebral: Whirling disease
-Histozoic parasite that infects cultures and wild salmonids
-Specific tropism for cartilage
-Infection can result in axial skeletal and neural damage
Zoonosis risk of consuming raw fish
- Anisakis spp. Nematode (roundworm)
-Intestinal migration, peritoneum infection 6-8hr post ingestion severely sick and life threatening
-Eggs, Crustaceans, forage fish, predator fish, human. - Clonorchis sinesis: trematode (chinese-fluke)
-Fresh water fish
-Incubation period 1-2 months
-Dx: eggs in feces
-Tx: praziquantel or Choramphenicol (aplastic anemia)
Zoonosis risk of consuming raw fish
- Diphylloothrium bothrum: cestode (tapeworm)
-Carnivore or human host is infected by ingesting poorly cooked or raw fish containing the plerocercoids.
Lecture 2 Elasmobranchs - Cartilaginous fish
Sharks & Rays
Elasmobranchs Sub-groups
Galea & Squala: Sharks (350 spp.)
Batoids: Skates and Rays
Skates Vs. Rays
Skates
-Enlarged thorns along the midline of the back extending onto the tail
-Lay eggs (oviparous)
-Pelvic fins have two lobes (bilobate)
-Males have alar spines (wingtips) and malar spines (eye spines)
Rays
-No thorns (or buckles) along the midline of the back
-Tail has whip-like stinging spine midway, usually no dorsal fins
-Each pelvic fin has only one lobe
-Males do not have alar nor molar spines
-Give life birth (viviparous)
Galea & Squalea - Sharks
External anatomical features
-5-7 pairs of gill slits
-Gill slits open laterally
-Stiff, triangular dorsal fin
-Broad pectoral fins
-No bones, cartilaginous skeleton
Internal anatomy
-Intestinal tract posses SPIRAL VALVE to add surface area for nutrient absorption
-Coelomic cavity
-Liver extremely large compared to other viscera
-2 chambers heart
Route of the blood:
Sinus venous, Atrium, semi-lunar valve, ventricle, conus arteriosus, brachial arches by gills
Venipuncture
-Caudal vertebra vein
-Lateral or ventral approach
Shark respiratory system
-Ram water circulation: flow through oral cavity and exit via gills
-Gas exchange occurs at the gill filaments
-Previous theory that they have to locomote to breath, but pharyngeal region allows respiration at rest
Nicitating membrane - EYE
-Protects the eye globe during attacks
Sense of Hearing and Touch and Smell
Ear
-Vibration and sound detected by ACOUSTIC-LATERALIS system
-Inner ear structure 3 chambers and ear stone = OTOLITH
-They can detect sound, acceleration and gravity
Touch
-LATERAL LINE system
-Neuromats = sensory cells, hair-like structures project into clean and detect vibrations, turbulence and or currents
Smell
-Olfatory organs = blind sacs not connected to the mouth
-Smell blood cells
Sense of Electroreception
-Pores in the snout
-AMPULLAE of LORENZINI
Shark Reproduction
- Viviparity
-eggs hatched within the dam’s uterus
-Feti fed by placenta
Ex: Bull, whitecap, lemon, blue, salmon, silver tip, hammerhead - Oviparity
-Eggs deposited in the ocean
-Eggs hatch later if not consumed by predators
Ex: Zebra, cat, horn sharks - Ovoviviparity = Placental viviparity
-Eggs hatch within the dam’s uterus, feti develop but NO Placenta present
Oviphagous: consuming unfertilized eggs and cannibalized cohort feti; few feti survive birth
Ex: great white, saw sharks, mako, etc.
Pathogenic bacteria
Aeromonas Salmonica
-disease in blacktop sharks
Flavobacterium spp
-Neurologic disease in bonnethead sharks
Vibrio carchariae
-Meningitis in sand tiger sharks, lemon sharks.
Bonnet head shark
-Fusarium solani
-Pustules erosion, ulcers in skin
-Fluid aspirate light microscopy, fungal culture
-Tx: anti fungal agents usually poor
-Poor prognosis
Lecture 3
Snakes
Snake anatomy, taxonomy, physiology
Taxonomy
-Reptilia
Anatomy
-No pectoral girdle
-Kinetic/mobile skull: no mandibular symphysis, flexible rami
Boids-internal pelvic girdle
-Spurs right and left side are remnants of the femur/pelvic limb
Cardiopulmonary
Heart
-3 chambered heart
-2 aortic arches
-Muscular ridge separates ventricle-shunts, shunt blood away from the lungs (important for anesthesia)
Trachea
-Open rings in squamata
Lungs
-Right only in most snakes
-Left vestigial
Paired boids
-Air sacs caudal part of the lung
-Tracheal lung in viperids, they can eat a large meal and not compromise the lungs
Urinary
-Paired kidneys
-No loop of henley: isothenuric urine (furosemide still works weird)
-No bladder
Renal portal system
-Blood draining caudal body passes through kidneys or liver before central circulation
-Effect on PK of drugs will vary with its renal or hepatic extraction rate
Most injections given in the front part of the body bc of this
Genital
-Testes (internal)
-Hemipenes
-Internal fertilization
-Oviparous: eggs laid and incubated, pythons
-Viviparus: young born live RATTLESNAKE and BOIDS
Hemipenal sacs
-Sexing
-Female: a couple scales
-Male: 8 scales deep
Integument
Importance
-Behavior
-Thermoregulation
-Sensory, protection, detection
-Water/gas exchange
Ecdysis
-frequent when growing
-requires humidity/bathing
-One piece in healthy snakes
-Shed teeth and tongue
Conducting a PE
Most important diagnostic tool
-Visual exam
-Species ID, gender
-Head to tail exam
-Weight and measurements
-Oral exam
-Coelomic palpation
-Serial exams in hospital
BCS
1-5
1: Emaciated
2: Fair condition
3: Normal
4: Overweight
5: Obese
Oral Exam
-MMs: green mucosa = liver issues, lower PCV normal = less pink than mammals. Thick and sticky = dehydration.
-Soft spatula to open mouth
-Discharge from glottis or other areas
-tongue flicking sign of good health
-Plaque/stomatitis
-Teeth
-Parasites
Eye
-No eyelids
-Cloudy eyes during shedding
-Retained spectacle
-Subspectacular abscess: swelling ventral window to allow drainage
Nostrils, Ears, Head symmetry, Skin
-Nostrils: symmetry, discharge
-Tympanum (ear) no external ear
-Skin: shedding = ecdysis. Dysedysis abnormal shedding, skin lesions, fungal disease, external parasites
Coelomic Palpation
-3-4 quadrant approach
-Gall bladder: landmark for splenopancreas and distal stomach
-Fluid
-Enlarged organs
-Foreign bodies
-Eggs
Common parasitic and infectious diseases in snakes
Nematodes and Cestodes
-Ascarids indirect life cycle, many IH
-Kalicephalus spp. Hookworm, common in snake, DH
-Strongyloides spp. direct life cycle, common
-Cestodes
Pentastomes
Zoonotic risk
-No truly effective treatment
-Ivermectin at 5-10 times normal dosages
-Endoscopically remove
-Migratory larval/worms
Prey item Parasites
Pseudoparasites
Lecture 4
Chelonian Medicine
Chelonian taxonomy, anatomy, and physiology
Testudinadae: tortoises, adapted to arid and semiarid environments
Marine turtles: 1) Dermochelydae 2) Cheloniidae
Ectothermic
-External heat essential for all metabolic processes
-75-95F
-Low temp: immune function decreased, altered Pk drugs, decreased GI motility; normal flora overgrowth issues, cold stunning
Shell
-Carapace: top Plastron: bottom
-Scute: keratinized plates
-Overlay a dermis
-Under deal CT is dermal bone
-Compact and sandwich a middle layer of trabecular bone
-Hatchlings: scutes called embryonic shields. Rings of new keratin, estimate age in younger tortoises
-Lack intervertebral discs
-8 cervical
-10 trunk vertebrae fixed in place along with ribs-fused to dermal bone of carapace
-30% of BW
-No sternum, only tetrapod with the pectoral girdle internal to the ribs
Rhamphotheca or beak, no teeth
-Very few glands
-Salt glands: diamondback terrapins and sea turtle
-Musk glands in the cloaca
-Mental or chin glands in some spp. males more prominent secrete pheromones, stinky
Ear
-No external ear
-Tympanum, middle and inner ear
-Eustachian tube connects middle ear with the throat
GI tract
-Tongue rich in salivary glands
-Sea turtle: esophageal papillae. S-shape esophagus before the stomach
-Cecal-like structure, proximal colon. Compartments nematodes common in this area
-Should not deworm unless heavy burden
Repro/Urinary
-Phallus: penis, no urethra with it
-All chelonians lay eggs
-Kidneys: caudodorsal coelom. Renal portal system. No loop of henley = isosthenuric urine
-Bladder: Ureters enter cloaca, not bladder. Tortoises large bladder, water conservation. Can absorb water and electrolytes through bladder
CV system
-3 chamber heart
-Sinus venous - right atrium
-Ventricular septa separation
-Shunts
Complete tracheal rings
Secondary Sex characteristics
Female: convex plastron, warmer eggs = female
Male: Concave plastron, cooler eggs = male
Common non infectious diseases
Metabolic Bone Disease
-Common problem
-Secondary nutrition hyperparathyroidism (SNHP)
-Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism
-Hypervitaminosis D3
Hypertrophic osteopathy
SNHP
-Rapid growing young turtles
-Low Ca:P
-Inadequate UVB
C/S: Anorexia, lethargy, unable to raise body, muscle fasciculations, skeletal deformities
Dx: radiographs: decreased mineralization, pathological fractures.
-Biochemistry: elevated PO4, decreased total/ionized Ca
Tx: diuresis w fluids, calcium supplementation, phosphate binders, direct sunlight, minimize handling.
-Fracture: external computation/bandaging
Vitamin A deficiency
-Common in young, growing
-Respiratory and ocular adnexal structures affected
-Ear abscesses, conjunctivitis, palpebral edema
-Loss of ciliated epithelial cells in respiratory tract.
C/S: anorexia, swollen and closed eyes, ureter obstruction from squamous metaplasia.
Tx: diet change, oral vitamin A, topical and systemic antibiotics
-surgical treatment is palliative
Vitamin A toxicosis
-Usually occurs 2-4 weeks after a vitamin A injection
-Skin peel/sloughing in sheets
-Tx: wound care and antibiotics
-Oral supplementation and diet improvement best
GOUT
Causes:
-Renal impairment, dehydration, excess protein and purines in diet
-Aminoglycoside, toxicity
C/S: anorexia, lethargy, enlarged joints, internal organ nodules, visceral gout
-Dx: uric acid levels increased, biopsy, aspirate, radiographs.
-Tx: catch early, eliminate primary problem, fluids, allopurinol colchicine, surgical removal of acid from joints.
-Poor prognosis if advanced
Urolithiasis
-Common in tortoises
-Uric acid, struvite, and calcium
-Dehydration, excess protein diet
-Bacterial or fungal cystitis
Tx: coelotomy/cystotomy inguinal approach
Common parasitic infections
Ticks
-Amblyomma most common
-Vectors of other parasites
-Inguinal and axillary regions
Tx: Permethrin, cyfluthrin, manual removal
Leeches
-Manual removal, fresh water soaks
Protozoal
-Immunosuppressed lead to increased in normal flora flagellates and ciliates
Entamoeba spp, only one pathogenic naturally
Ameobiasis
-Mortality in all reptiles, nakes
Tortoises may be asymptomatic carriers
-If symptomatic: severe depression, watery diarrhea, dehydration
-Thickened and edematous duodenum with necrotic mucosa
-Necrosis of common bile duct and gall bladder, diffuse hepatic necrosis
Dx: Psuedomembrane like material in feces-necrotizing colitis histologically
-PCR
-Biopsy of liver
-Tx: supportive care, metronidazole, antibiotics, antifungals
Intranuclear Coccidiosis
-C/S: non-specific, anorexia, lethargy
-Anemia, leukocytosis, low Na, hyperglycemia, increased uric acid.
INC and mycoplasma in nasal cavity
High mortality and morbidity
Dx: biopsy of internal organs, cloacal swabs and oral with PCR
-Nephritis, hepatitis, enteritis,
-No oocysts in feces
-Tx: Panazuril, Toltrazuril, none proven effective
Other parasitic and infectious diseases
Which are commensal parasites that aid in digestion?
Nematodes, trematodes
-Ascarids
-Strongyles, hookworms
Oxyurids-Pin worms commensals, may aid in digestion
Bacterial Diseases
-Usually opportunistic: poor husbandry, malnutrition, lack of sanitation.
-Gram (-) most common, anaerobes
Casseous abscesses
Salmonella spp.
-Zoonotic
-Red eared sliders-280,00 cases human salmonellosis in the 70s, starting to see this again
-Asymptomatic carriers
-Enteritis, septicemia most common
-Poor husbandry/hygiene
-Pregnant, immunocompromised avoid contact
Mycoplasmosis
-URTD
-Free ranging tortoises in USA
-C/S: ocular and nasal discharge
-Chronic infection, often subclinical, intermittent
Dx: PCR, serology, culture
Tx: Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines systemic/intranasal
Mycotic diseases
-Predisposing factors: suboptimal POTZ, excess humidity, poor sanitation, over crowding, underlying viral disease
Dx: bronchoscopy, biopsy, serology, culture.
Tx: resection isolated infections, systemic anti fungal ITRACONAZOLE, voriconazole, topical therapy
Viral Diseases
-Herpes virus: necrotizing stomatitis. Tx: Acyclovir, supportive care
-Fibropapillomas in sea turtles
-Iridovirus (Ranavirus)
-Adenovirus
-EM: fungal caused shell lesions
Surgery basics
Lecture 5
Marsupials and Insectivores
Phylagenetic tree
-Therian mammals: Eutherians & Marsupials
-Prototherian mammals
Anatomy & physiology of the common marsupial reproductive tracts
Marsupials: mammals with marsupium/pouch to protect offspring
Reproductive tract
Female
-Double cervices
-Multiple vaginas
-Common birth canal of uterus
-Marsupium: pouch, epipubic bones, bilateral bones for support of the marsupium
-Fetus has prolonged attachment to teat within the marsupium
Male
-Bifid or double-ponged glans penis
-Scrotum has cranial placement to penis
-Penis caudally oriented
3 life stages of offspring
-Concurrent life stages
-Stage 1: joey goes from cloaca to the nipple in the pouch
-Stage 2: Hangs onto nipple for dear life
-Stage 3: Baby #1 outside the pouch, baby #2 begins its nipple bound journey
Marsupial Fetus
-Advanced thoracic limb development
-Parturition and migration from vagina to marsupium
-Prolonged attachment to teat
Skeletal Adaptations
-Macropods: lack patellas
-Epipubic bones: attached to craniodorsal aspect of pubic bones to support marsupium
