Exam 3 Flashcards
What is GINA for?
Protect against the use of genetic information to discriminate in health insurance and employment
Allostasis
The process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis // The body’s adaptation to predictable and unpredictable changes in the environment
Allostatic Load
The cumulative burden of chronic stress and life events // The cost of chronic exposure to elevated / fluctuating internal responses d/t chronic or repeated challenges that the person experiences as stress
Stress
Body’s response to changing factors within yourself / the environment
Epigenomics
Study of molecular signals that tell genomes how to behave and their relationships to health
Epigenetics
Non-genetic influences on gene expression
DNA methylation
Methyl molecule blocks transcription which results in lack of protein synthesis
Barker Hypothesis
Hypothesis that states adverse fetal life context leads to increased risk of adult disease
Genetics
The study of heredity and the transmission of characteristics from across genetics
Gentotype
Molecular structure of organism, expressed via production of protein
Phenotype
Observable characteristics of an organism
What is the complex disease phenotype pathway
Genetic susceptibility -> exposure -> epigenetic modification -> complex disease
What is the exposome
General external environment, specific external environment, internal environment
What are the objectives of epidemiology
Population, determinants of health, distribution, frequency, disease causation, application
What is the epidemiologic triangle
Relationship between agent, host, and environment related to communicable diseases
What is the web of causation
Map like model to investigate relationships r/t chronic diseases
What is the surveillance method of epidemiology
Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health related data essentials
What is the descriptive method of epidemiology
Describing who, what, when, and where
What is the analytic method of epidemiology
Examine relationships between who, what, when, where to determine the why
What is the formula for rate
number of occurrences in a time period / total population in a time period (all times K)
What is the formula for risk
number of people who experience an event / # of all people who are at risk for experiencing the event
What is the formula for odds
number of people who experience an event / # of all people who DO NOT experience the event
Morbidity
State of being symptomatic / unhealthy for a disease or condition
Incidence
number of new cases / estimated population at risk of developing it [all multiplies by 1000]
Prevalence
number of current cases / estimated population at risk during the same time period [all x1000]
Mortality
The state of being subject to death
Years of potential life lost
How many people, who could have lived and contributed to nation’s well being, died prematurely
Sensitivity
Ability of a test to correctly identify those with a disease
A test with poor sensitivity will have more what
False negatives
Specificity
Ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease
A test with poor specificity will have more what
False positives
Reliability
Yeilding consistent results on repeated attempts
Validity
Accurately reflects, assess, or captures the concept the researcher is trying to measure
What is the whole school, whole community, whole child model
A CDC model that is student centered with an emphasis on the role of the community in supporting the school
What are the 10 components of the whole school, whole community, whole child model
physical education and activity
nutrition environment and services
health education
social and emotional climate
physical environment
health services
counseling, psychological, and social services
employee wellness
community involvement
family engagement
What is the social security act
Provides assistance to older adults, the unemployed, widows, children, child’s welfare, health department grants, and maternal/child projects
What is the public health act
Consolidated all existing public health legislation and created health services for migratory workers, family planning services, health research facilities, the NIH, nurse training acts, prevention and primary care services, and rural health
Advocacy
The act / process of supporting a cause / proposal, this can gain attention and focus on a topic for a community
Lobbying
Promoting / securing the passage of legislation by influencing officials, this is aimed at those in power to influence policies or legislations
The baylor plan for teachers
First early modern health insurance
McCarran-Ferguson act
Returned insurance regulation back to the states
Hill-Burton act
Provided construction grants and loans to build hospitals where they were needed and would be sustainable
COBRA
Mandates an insurance program which gives some employees the ability to continue coverage after leaving employment (this is super expensive)
EMTALA
Requires hospitals with ER to provide screening and exams to anyone who comes there, this prohibits ER from refusing people
State children’s health insurance plan
This allows children from low income families to receive state funded insurance
Medicare modernization act
Provides seniors and people with disabilities with some prescription drug benefit and more choices / benefit options
National federation of independent business v. sebelius
Upheld the individual mandate for health insurance but ruled that the mandatory medicaid eligibility expansion was unconstitutional
First phase of us health system
People avoided hospitals, family / friends provided care at home, health concerns were mostly related to social and public health issues
Second phase of us health system
Focus shifted to controlling acute infectious diseases with new water purity, sanitary sewage disposal, and housing efforts
Third phase of us health system
Focus shifted from acute to chronic health problems with major technological advances, start of community based clinics, nurse practitioners, and nurse midwives, increased role of insurance companies
Fourth phase of us health system
Emphasis placed on containing costs, restricting growth in healthcare industries, and reorganizing care delivery, more knowledgeable society with internet and computers, sicker patients, shorter inpatient stays, and more intensive care needed for patients
medicare A
covers hospitals, facilities, some home health, some hospice services, and some skilled nursing care facilities
medicare B
covers outpatient care, home health, equipment, supplies, labs, ambulance, and preventative services
medicare C
expands options for those receiving medicare, includes HMO and PPO
medicare D
provides prescription drug coverage with premiums, deductibles, and copayments
