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Public Health > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is GINA for?

A

Protect against the use of genetic information to discriminate in health insurance and employment

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2
Q

Allostasis

A

The process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis // The body’s adaptation to predictable and unpredictable changes in the environment

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3
Q

Allostatic Load

A

The cumulative burden of chronic stress and life events // The cost of chronic exposure to elevated / fluctuating internal responses d/t chronic or repeated challenges that the person experiences as stress

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4
Q

Stress

A

Body’s response to changing factors within yourself / the environment

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5
Q

Epigenomics

A

Study of molecular signals that tell genomes how to behave and their relationships to health

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6
Q

Epigenetics

A

Non-genetic influences on gene expression

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7
Q

DNA methylation

A

Methyl molecule blocks transcription which results in lack of protein synthesis

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8
Q

Barker Hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that states adverse fetal life context leads to increased risk of adult disease

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9
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity and the transmission of characteristics from across genetics

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10
Q

Gentotype

A

Molecular structure of organism, expressed via production of protein

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of an organism

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12
Q

What is the complex disease phenotype pathway

A

Genetic susceptibility -> exposure -> epigenetic modification -> complex disease

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13
Q

What is the exposome

A

General external environment, specific external environment, internal environment

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14
Q

What are the objectives of epidemiology

A

Population, determinants of health, distribution, frequency, disease causation, application

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15
Q

What is the epidemiologic triangle

A

Relationship between agent, host, and environment related to communicable diseases

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16
Q

What is the web of causation

A

Map like model to investigate relationships r/t chronic diseases

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17
Q

What is the surveillance method of epidemiology

A

Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health related data essentials

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18
Q

What is the descriptive method of epidemiology

A

Describing who, what, when, and where

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19
Q

What is the analytic method of epidemiology

A

Examine relationships between who, what, when, where to determine the why

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20
Q

What is the formula for rate

A

number of occurrences in a time period / total population in a time period (all times K)

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21
Q

What is the formula for risk

A

number of people who experience an event / # of all people who are at risk for experiencing the event

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22
Q

What is the formula for odds

A

number of people who experience an event / # of all people who DO NOT experience the event

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23
Q

Morbidity

A

State of being symptomatic / unhealthy for a disease or condition

24
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases / estimated population at risk of developing it [all multiplies by 1000]

25
Q

Prevalence

A

number of current cases / estimated population at risk during the same time period [all x1000]

26
Q

Mortality

A

The state of being subject to death

27
Q

Years of potential life lost

A

How many people, who could have lived and contributed to nation’s well being, died prematurely

28
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability of a test to correctly identify those with a disease

29
Q

A test with poor sensitivity will have more what

A

False negatives

30
Q

Specificity

A

Ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease

31
Q

A test with poor specificity will have more what

A

False positives

32
Q

Reliability

A

Yeilding consistent results on repeated attempts

33
Q

Validity

A

Accurately reflects, assess, or captures the concept the researcher is trying to measure

34
Q

What is the whole school, whole community, whole child model

A

A CDC model that is student centered with an emphasis on the role of the community in supporting the school

35
Q

What are the 10 components of the whole school, whole community, whole child model

A

physical education and activity
nutrition environment and services
health education
social and emotional climate
physical environment
health services
counseling, psychological, and social services
employee wellness
community involvement
family engagement

36
Q

What is the social security act

A

Provides assistance to older adults, the unemployed, widows, children, child’s welfare, health department grants, and maternal/child projects

37
Q

What is the public health act

A

Consolidated all existing public health legislation and created health services for migratory workers, family planning services, health research facilities, the NIH, nurse training acts, prevention and primary care services, and rural health

38
Q

Advocacy

A

The act / process of supporting a cause / proposal, this can gain attention and focus on a topic for a community

39
Q

Lobbying

A

Promoting / securing the passage of legislation by influencing officials, this is aimed at those in power to influence policies or legislations

40
Q

The baylor plan for teachers

A

First early modern health insurance

41
Q

McCarran-Ferguson act

A

Returned insurance regulation back to the states

42
Q

Hill-Burton act

A

Provided construction grants and loans to build hospitals where they were needed and would be sustainable

43
Q

COBRA

A

Mandates an insurance program which gives some employees the ability to continue coverage after leaving employment (this is super expensive)

44
Q

EMTALA

A

Requires hospitals with ER to provide screening and exams to anyone who comes there, this prohibits ER from refusing people

45
Q

State children’s health insurance plan

A

This allows children from low income families to receive state funded insurance

46
Q

Medicare modernization act

A

Provides seniors and people with disabilities with some prescription drug benefit and more choices / benefit options

47
Q

National federation of independent business v. sebelius

A

Upheld the individual mandate for health insurance but ruled that the mandatory medicaid eligibility expansion was unconstitutional

48
Q

First phase of us health system

A

People avoided hospitals, family / friends provided care at home, health concerns were mostly related to social and public health issues

49
Q

Second phase of us health system

A

Focus shifted to controlling acute infectious diseases with new water purity, sanitary sewage disposal, and housing efforts

50
Q

Third phase of us health system

A

Focus shifted from acute to chronic health problems with major technological advances, start of community based clinics, nurse practitioners, and nurse midwives, increased role of insurance companies

51
Q

Fourth phase of us health system

A

Emphasis placed on containing costs, restricting growth in healthcare industries, and reorganizing care delivery, more knowledgeable society with internet and computers, sicker patients, shorter inpatient stays, and more intensive care needed for patients

52
Q

medicare A

A

covers hospitals, facilities, some home health, some hospice services, and some skilled nursing care facilities

53
Q

medicare B

A

covers outpatient care, home health, equipment, supplies, labs, ambulance, and preventative services

54
Q

medicare C

A

expands options for those receiving medicare, includes HMO and PPO

55
Q

medicare D

A

provides prescription drug coverage with premiums, deductibles, and copayments

Public Health (2 decks)

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