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Nurs. 301 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

•Paradigm
◦Links science, philosophy, and theories
◦Nursing’s Metaparadigm
•Metaparadigm = concept that is extremely general, “meta” = that which is behind
•Links person, health, environment/situation ,and nursing
•Of these, “person” is the most important- Why?

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1
Q

What are the sources of knowledge?

A
  • Traditional—passed down from generation to generation
  • Authoritative—comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on person’s perceived expertise
  • Scientific—arrived at through the scientific method (research)
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2
Q

What is theory?

A

A theory is composed of a group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality

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3
Q

What are concepts?

A

Concepts, like ideas, or abstract impressions organizing the symbols of reality. Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them

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4
Q

What is a group of concepts called?

A

A group of concepts that follows an understandable pattern makes up a conceptual framework or model

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5
Q

What is the difference between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning?

A

Deductive reasoning: one examines a general idea and then consider specific actions or ideas

Inductive reasoning: one builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas

(Reverse)

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6
Q

Define a descriptive nursing theory

A

Descriptive theories describe the phenomenon, an event, situation, or a relationship

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7
Q

Define prescriptive nursing theory

A

Descriptive theories address nursing interventions and the consequences of those interventions, they’re designed to control, promote, and change clinical nursing practice

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8
Q

What is the theory?

A

A theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships and assumptions that:

  1. Formulates legislation
  2. Explains a phenomenon
  3. Measures nursing functions
  4. Reflects the domain of nursing practice
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9
Q

What are four common concepts in nursing theory that influence indeterminant nursing practice?

A
  1. The person
  2. The environment
  3. Health
  4. Nursing
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10
Q

Name a few important nursing theorist

A

•Nightingale
◦ nursing care focuses on health maintenance and restoration
•Peplau
◦ nurse understands own behavior to help others identify perceived difficulties
•Henderson
◦ patients require help towards achieving independence
•Roger
◦ person is an energy field co-existing within the universe
•Orem
- self-care is a human need, self-care deficits require nursing action

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11
Q

Which theories describe an orderly process beginning with conception and continuing through death?

A
  1. Systems theories
  2. Developmental theories
  3. Interdisciplinary theories
  4. Stress and adaptation theories
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12
Q

Theories that are broad and complex are…

A
  1. Grand theories
  2. Descriptive theories
  3. Middle-range theories
  4. Prescriptive theories
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13
Q

Quantitative versus qualitative research

A

•Quantitative

  • Involves concepts of basic and applied research
  • Uses statistics

•Qualitative

  • Conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings
  • Based on belief that reality is based on perceptions that differ for each persona nd change overtime
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14
Q

Types of quantitative research

A 
Quantitative:
•Descriptive
•Correlational
•Quasi-experimental
•Experimental
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15
Q

Types of qualitative research

A 
Qualitative:
•Phenomenology
•Grounded theory
•Ethnography
•Historical
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16
Q

What is Quasi-experimental research?

A

It’s purpose is to examine cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables. Often conducted in nursing to examine the effects of nursing interventions on patient outcomes

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17
Q

What are the 14 components to basic nursing care?

A
  1. Breathe normally
  2. Eat and drink adequately.
  3. Eliminate body waste.
  4. Move and maintain desirable postures.
  5. Sleep and rest.
  6. Select suitable clothes – dress and undress.
  7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment.
  8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument.
  9. Avoid changes in the environment and avoid injuring others.
  10. Communicate with others expressing emotions, needs, fears or opinions.
  11. Worship according to one’s faith.
  12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.
  13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
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18
Q

Which type of theory focuses on clinical nursing practice?

A

Prescriptive theory

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19
Q

When conducting research, information is collected. This would be identified as which of the following?

A

Data

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20
Q

Which type of quantitative research is conducted to directly influence or improve clinical practice?

A

Applied research

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21
Q

A nurse researchers setting the effects of exercise and sleep on blood pressure. The research identifies blood pressure is which type of variable?

A

Dependent, The dependent variable is the variable being studied and is determined by manipulating conditions

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22
Q

Of the following types of qualitative research, which method developed in anthropology?

A

Ethnography, ethnographic research was developed by the discipline of anthropology and is used to examine issues of culture of interest to nursing

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23
Q

What does PICO stand for?

A

P: patient, population, or problem of interest
I: intervention
C: comparison of interest
O: outcome of interest

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24
Q

Five year old bobby has dietary modifications related to his diabetes. His parents want him to value good nutritional habits and they decide to deprive him of a favorite tv show when he becomes angry after they deny him foods not on his diet. This is an example of what mode of value transmission?

A

Rewarding and punishing

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25
Q

The American association of colleges of nursing identified 5 values that epitomize the caring professional nurse. Which of these is best described as acting in accordance with an appropriate code of ethics and accepted standards of practice?

A

Integrity

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26
Q

A professional nurse with a commitment to social justice is most apt to…

A

Promote universal access to healthcare

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27
Q

A home health nurse who performs a careful safety assessment of the home of a frail elderly patient to prevent harm to the patient is acting in accord with which of the principle bioethics?

A

Nonmaleficence

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28
Q

Jamie wants to call an ethics consult to clarify treatment goals for a patient no longer able to speak for himself. She believes his dying is being prolonged painfully. She is troubled when the patients doctor tells her that she’ll be fired if she raises questions…this is an example of?

A

Ethical distress

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29
Q

What are values?

A

Personal belief or attitude about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom or object that sets standards that influence behavior.

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30
Q

7 steps of the valuing process

A

●Choosing
●Freely
● from alternatives
● after consideration of consequences

●Prizing
●with pride and happiness
●with public affirmation

●Acting
●with incorporation of the choice into one’s behavior
●with consistency and regularity on the value

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31
Q

What is ethics?

A

The formal systematic study of moral beliefs using philosophical theories as foundations and guides to identify and resolve ethical issues.

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32
Q

Type of ethics

A

●Bioethics
-Encompasses a number of fields “life sciences” (IE : genetic enhancement)

●Clinical
-Concerned with ethical problems “at bedside”
(IE: assisted suicide, refusal to consent)

●Nursing (IE: illegal practices of peers)

  • Formal study of ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing
  • Analysis used by nurses to make ethical judgments
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33
Q

What is Deontology?

A

Decision is right if it conforms to an overriding moral duty and wrong if it violates that moral duty.

●Rightness of action based on rules/laws.

●An action is right or wrong independent of the consequences.

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34
Q 
●A nurse advises a patient about beginning an exercise program is an example of which ethical principle?
A. Nonmaleficence
B. Beneficence
C. Justice
D. Fidelity
E. Veracity
A

Ty

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35
Q 
●A home health nurse recognizes that her client is tearful and could use some extra time. She also knows that she will be late to visit with her next client who is a diabetic and needs extra time for teaching. The nurse makes a time allotment decision based on:
A. Nonmaleficence
B. Beneficence
C. Justice
D. Fidelity
E. Veracity
A

Hi

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36
Q 
●The nurse has to give a 4 year old an IM injection. She tells the child that “This isn’t going to hurt at all.” The nurse is not upholding what ethical principle?
A. Nonmaleficence
B. Beneficence
C. Justice
D. Fidelity
E. Veracity
A

Ty

37
Q 
The nurse states to the client who has requested pain medication, “I’ll be right back with your pain medication.” The nurse gets called in to see another patient and is an hour late getting the pain medication to the client. Which ethical principle has the nurse failed to uphold?
A. Nonmaleficence
B. Beneficence
C. Justice
D. Fidelity
E. Veracity
A

Y

38
Q

Ethical dilemma vs. Ethical distress

A

Ethical dilemma—two or more clear moral principles apply but support mutually inconsistent courses of action

●Ethical distress—the nurse knows the right thing to do but factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action

39
Q

Law terminology

A

●Litigation—process of bringing and trying a lawsuit
●Plaintiff—person bringing suit
●Defendant—person being accused of a crime

40
Q

What is a value?

A

A value is a belief about he worth of something, about what matters, that acts as a standard to guide ones behavior

41
Q

What are common modes of value transmission?

A 
Modeling
Moralizing 
Laissez faire
Rewarding and punishing
Responsible choice
42
Q

Nurse practice acts are an example of what type of law?

A

Statutory laws

43
Q

What is litigation?

A

Litigation is the process of bringing in trying a lawsuit

44
Q

What is the most important law affecting your nursing practice?

A

Your states nurse practice act

45
Q

What is a tort?

A

I tort is subject to action in a civil court with damages usually being settled with money

46
Q

True or false

Defamation of character is an intentional tort

A

True

47
Q

What are the four elements of liability?

A

Liability involves four elements that must be Established to prove the malpractice or negligence is occurred. Duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages are

48
Q

What is whistle blowing?

A

Whistle blowing is an effort by a member or past member of an organization to deliver a warning to the public concerning a serious wrongdoing or danger created or masked by the organization

49
Q

Pedagogy vs. Andragogy

A

Pedagogy refers to teaching children

Andragogy refers to teaching adults

50
Q

What are the two effective tools that can be used to determine health literacy levels?

A

Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine short form

Short assessment of health literacy for Spanish adults

51
Q

What are the three domains people learn In?

A

Cognitive
Psychomotor
Affective

52
Q

What is cognitive learning?

A

Cognitive learning involves the storing and recalling of new knowledge in the brain
(Patient describes how salt intake affects blood pressure)

53
Q

What is psychomotor learning?

A

Learning a physical skill involving the integration of mental and muscular activity
(Patient demonstrates how to change dressings)

54
Q

What is affective learning?

A

It involves changes in attitudes, values, and feelings

Patient expresses renewed self confidence after physical therapy

55
Q

Which of the following phrases describes one of the purposes of the ANAs nursing social policy statement?

A

To describe nursings values and social responsibility

56
Q

Which nursing organization was the first international organization of professional women?

A

ICN

57
Q

What is the purpose of the ANAs scope and standards of practice?

A

To define activities that are special and unique to nursing

58
Q

Descriptive vs. Prescriptive theories

A

Descriptive: describe a phenomenon, an event, a situation, or a relationship

Prescriptive: addresses nursing interventions and the consequences of those interventions…. They are designed to control, promote, and change clinical nursing practice

59
Q

Human adaption occurred somewhat three levels?

A
  1. Internal self
  2. Social
  3. Physical
60
Q

Quantitative research

A

Involves the concepts of basic and applied research

61
Q

Qualitative research

A

The method of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings

62
Q

Which type of theory focuses on clinical nursing practice?

A

Prescriptive theories

-they address nursing interventions and are designed to control, promote, and change clinical nursing practice

63
Q

Which type of quantitative research is conducted to directly influence or improve clinical practice?

A

Applied research, a type of quantitative research, is designed to directly influence or improve clinical practice

64
Q

The nurse researcher is setting the effects of exercise and sleep on blood pressure. The research identifies blood pressures which type of variable?

A

The dependent variable, is the variable being studied and is determined by manipulating conditions( independent variables)

65
Q

Of the following types of qualitative research, which method developed in anthropology?

A

Ethnographic research, was developed by the discipline of anthropology and is used to examine issues of culture of interest to nursing

66
Q

A nurse is formulating a clinical question and PICO format. Which of the following is represented by the P?

A

The P represents an explicit description of the patient population of interest

67
Q

If you wanted to find a list of the violations that can result in disciplinary actions against a nurse, you should read which of the following?

A

Nurse practice act

68
Q

Those bringing the charges against Jean are called what?

A

Plaintiffs

69
Q

If review of this patient’s record revealed that she had never consented to the eye surgery, of which intentional tort microsurgeon have been guilty of?

A

Battery

70
Q

If you harm a patient by administering a medication ordered by a physician, which of the following is true?

A

Both you and the physician are responsible for your respective action

71
Q

What are the three reasons the ANA list for purchasing a personal professional liability insurance policy

A
  1. Protection of the nurses best interest
  2. Limitations of employers coverage
  3. Care or advice given outside of work
72
Q

A nurse is top diabetic patient how to minister to give the insulin. The notion evaluate the teaching process by what question

A

Deciding if the learning outcomes have been achieved

73
Q

The nurses using the health belief model to assess the patient. Using this model, what should the nurse begin to understand?

A

Whether the patient is willing to take actions to support help

74
Q

When preparing health promotion program for patients in adult day care center, what is the first step the nurse must take?

A

Assessing the patient’s learning needs and learning readiness

75
Q

When using data from the patient’s medical record as part of the necessary information to assess learning needs, the nurses using which type of data source?

A

Secondary

76
Q

The primary purpose of a contractual agreement between the nurse and patients in beginning a teaching plan is to?

A

Motivate both the patient and the nurse to do what is necessary to meet the patients learning outcome

77
Q

The best ways to affirm the efforts of patients who master new knowledge is, attitudes, are skills is through…

A

Positive reinforcement

78
Q

Who was Virginia Henderson?

A

Her theory was to assist client in gaining independence as quickly as possible

79
Q

Dorothea orems theory?

A

To care for and help client obtain total self-care

80
Q

Sr. Castillo Roy’s theme?

A

To assess demands on a client and help the client adapt

81
Q

Florence Nightingale’s theory?

A

To facilitate the body reparative process by manipulating the clients environment

82
Q

Hildegard peplaus theory ?

A

To develop interaction between the nurse and the client

nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal, and goal oriented process

83
Q

Jean watsons theory?

A

To care using interventions to meet human needs

nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring help, preventing illness, and caring for the sick

84
Q

Patricia Benner theory?

A

To go from novice to expert in nursing

85
Q

Madeline Leiniger theory?

A

To Care across all cultures

86
Q

Martha Rogers theory?

A

The client continuously changes and coexists with that environment

87
Q

Faye Abdullah theory?

A

To problem solve

88
Q

Imogene king theory?

A

To have nursing is an interpersonal process between nurse, client, and healthcare system

89
Q

Ida Jean Orlando theory!

A

To use the nursing process

90
Q

Margaret Newman theory?

A

A systems theory reducing stress

Nurs. 301 (4 decks)

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