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Geology 201 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is groundwater present?

A

Where minerals in the crust have pores or fractures

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1
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

An underground layer of water-bearing, permeable rock

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2
Q

What is an aquitard?

A

An impermeable or low permeability sediment or rock that hinders water flow

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3
Q

Where is most freshwater found?

A

In the ground as groundwater

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4
Q

What is a water table?

A

A boundary zone which separates unsaturated zones from saturated zones

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5
Q

How does the water table rise and fall with the seasons?

A

Water table is higher during wet seasons, and lower during dryer seasons

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6
Q

What is porosity?

A

The total volume of open space within sediment or rock

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7
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary porosity?

A

Primary forms within the sediment, while secondary develops later

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8
Q

What is permeability?

A

The flow of water due to the connectedness of pore space

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8
Q

What is an unconfined aquifer?

A

An aquifer which intersects/ comes in contact with the surface

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8
Q

What is a confined aquifer?

A

An aquifer which exists beneath an aquitard

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8
Q

What is a disadvantage of an unconfined aquifer?

A

They can be easily contaminated

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9
Q

What is Darcy’s law?

A

An equation that describes the flow of a fluid through any porous space

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10
Q

What is a recharge area?

A

An area which water permeates the rock into an underground reservoir or an aquifer

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11
Q

What is the difference between a connected and disconnected losing stream?

A

The placement of the water table

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12
Q

What is hard water?

A

Water with high levels of calcium or magnesium

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13
Q

How can deserts be classified?

A

Based on how much rainfall it receives per year (Less than 25 cm)

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14
Q

Are deserts always hot?

A

No

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15
Q

What is the orographic effect?

A

As the air cools, water precipitates and falls

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16
Q

Is climate change normal? What isn’t normal about our sudden increase in climate?

A

Climate change is normal, but the rate of modern-day climate change isn’t

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17
Q

How is the heat of the planet controlled?

A

By the oceans

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18
Q

What is a major factor that determines where the location of deserts?

A

Atmospheric moisture circulation

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19
Q

At what latitudes are deserts found at?

A

30 degrees North, 30 degrees south

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20
Q

What are some other factors which contribute to the formation of desserts?

A

Cold ocean currents adjacent to a tropical desert, poor management of farmland, deforestation

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21
Q

What is an important geological agent when it comes to the formation of deserts?

A

Wind

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22
Q

What is suspension?

A

Silt carried in suspension produces well-sorted deposits with distance

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23
Q

What is loess?

A

Silt left by continental glaciers

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24
Q

What are desert pavements?

A

Deposit of sediment after fine grains blow away

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25
Q

What is a yardang?

A

Rock outcrop sculpted by sand abrasion

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26
Q

What are some factors which determine how sand dunes are created?

A

Abundant of loose sediment, energy to move sediment, obstacle to trap sediment and a dry climate

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27
Q

How are arid landforms created

A

They can be shaped by water, thus flash floods are common

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28
Q

What are playa lakes?

A

Products of rainfall and evaporation (usual ephemeral pools of water in a desert)

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29
Q

What is desertification?

A

When land loses its vegetation and turns into a desert

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30
Q

What is a glacier?

A

A thick mass of recrystallized ice, which lasts all year long

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31
Q

How are glaciers formed?

A

Snowfall accumulates and survives the following summer, snow burial causes compaction

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32
Q

What are the three conditions to form a glacier?

A

Cold climate, snow must be abundant (more snow than snow melt), snow must not be removed by other agents

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33
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Alpine (mountain) and continental (ice sheets)

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34
Q

What is the flow of alpine glaciers?

A

Flow from high to low elevation in mountainous settings

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35
Q

How do continental glaciers flow?

A

Ice flows out from the thickest part of the ice sheet

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36
Q

Where are two major ice sheets on Earth?

A

Greenland and Antarctica

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37
Q

How does glacial ice move?

A

Basal sliding, and plastic deformation

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38
Q

What is basal sliding?

A

Meltwater forms at the base of glacier, water decreases friction as ice slides downwards

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39
Q

What is plastic deformation?

A

Under high pressure, rather than breaking, ice bends much like plastic

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40
Q

At what depth does plastic deformation occur?

A

60 m

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41
Q

What factors impact how fast a glacier moves?

A

Steeper hills, wet bottoms, and greater velocity are seen at the centre

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42
Q

What is the zone of accumulation?

A

The area of net snow addition

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43
Q

What is the zone of ablation?

A

The area of net loss

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44
Q

Where does the zone of accumulation and ablation meet?

A

The equilibrium line

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45
Q

What happens when accumulation = ablation?

A

If ablation and the glacial toe stays in the same place

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46
Q

What happens if accumulation > ablation?

A

The glacial toe advances

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47
Q

What happens if accumulation < ablation?

A

Glacial toe will retreat upslope

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48
Q

What is the difference between tidewater glaciers and ice shelves?

A

Tidewater glaciers are valley glaciers entering the sea while ice shelves are continental glaciers

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49
Q

What is sea ice?

A

Nonglacial ice formed by frozen sea water

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50
Q

What is a cirque?

A

Bowl-shaped basins on a mountain

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51
Q

What happens when ice in a cirque melts?

A

Creation of a tarn (lake)

52
Q

What is an arete?

A

A mountain formed by the edges of two cirques

53
Q

What is a horn?

A

Formed by three or more cirques which surround a peak

54
Q

What is a fjord?

A

U-shaped glacial troughs flooded by the sea

55
Q

What is a hanging valley?

A

Valley which has been deeply scoured by glacial ice, leaving the tributary valley “hanging” above the main valley

56
Q

What is a roche moutonee?

A

An asymmetric hill

57
Q

What is (glacial) plucking?

A

Wind removing sediment from other end of a mountain

58
Q

What do glaciers act like?

A

Large-scale conveyor belts which pick up, transport and deposit sediment

59
Q

What is the debris at the toe of a glacier called?

A

An end moraine

60
Q

What is a moraine?

A

Unsorted debris deposited by a glacier

61
Q

What is a lateral moraine?

A

A moraine which forms along the side of a valley glacier

62
Q

What is a medial moraine?

A

A moraine formed from the merging of two lateral moraines

63
Q

What are the different types of glacial sedimentary deposits

A

Glacial till, erratics, glacial marine sediments, glacial outwash, loess, glacial lake-bed sediment

64
Q

What is glacial till?

A

Sediments dropped by glacial ice - consists of all grain sizes

65
Q

What is an erratic?

A

A boulder transported long distances by glacial ice

66
Q

What is a glacial marine?

A

Sediment from an oceanic glacier

67
Q

What is glacial outwash?

A

Sediment transported by meltwater - mud is removed while grains are rounded

68
Q

What is a majority of outwash composed of?

A

Sand and gravel

69
Q

What are glacial lake-bed sediments?

A

Rock flour settles out of suspension in deep lakes

70
Q

How are kettle lakes formed?

A

Stranded ice blocks

71
Q

What are drumlins?

A

Along, align hills of molded till

72
Q

What is an esker?

A

A long sinuous ridge of sand and gravel

73
Q

What are some consequences of continental glaciation?

A

Ice loading and sheet rebound, rise in sea levels, the draining of lake Agassiz

74
Q

How stable is the Earth’s surface?

A

It is mostly unstable

75
Q

What is mass wasting?

A

Downslope motion of rock, soil, sediment, snow and ice

76
Q

How fast can mass wasting occur?

A

Fast or slow

77
Q

What is mass movement?

A

Costly natural hazards

78
Q

Why is mass movement important to the ck cycle?

A

It is the initial step in sediment transport and an agent of landscape change

79
Q

What are the four factors which classify mass movement?

A

Type of material, velocity of movement, nature of the mass, and movement environment

80
Q

Rank mass movement from slowest to fastest

A

Creep, slumping, lahars and mudflows, debris flow, and rock slides

81
Q

What is a creep?

A

A slow downhill movement caused by soil expansion and contraction

82
Q

What is solifluction?

A

Low downhill movement of tundra

83
Q

What is slumping?

A

Sliding regolith of coherent rocks

84
Q

What three distinct features does a slump have?

A

Head scarp, toe, discrete faulted slices

85
Q

What do mudflows, debris flows, and lahars have in common?

A

They have H2O rich movement

86
Q

Where are mudflows most common?

A

In tropical settings with rainfall

87
Q

What is the difference between debris/mudflows and lahars?

A

A lahar can only be classified as such if mud or debris originated from a volcano

88
Q

What are the three types of submarine masses?

A

Submarine slumps (semicoherent blocks), submarine debris flows (broken materials move as slurry), turbidity currents (Sediment moves as clouds)

89
Q

What are the two dynamic forces in slope stability?

A

Downslope (gravity) and resisting forces (material strength)

90
Q

Where are larger forces present?

A

In steeper slopes

91
Q

What is the “Angle of repose”?

A

Loose granular minerals assume a sloped angle

92
Q

What is loading?

A

Adding weight to the top of a slope

93
Q

What is angle?

A

Steepening a slope beyond the angle of repose

94
Q

What changes can affect the strength of a slope?

A

Weathering (weakens regolith), vegetation (stabilizes slope), water (reduces slope strength)

95
Q

What are several factors which are significant to mass movements?

A

Relief and climate (more rainfall creates more water-based problems)

96
Q

How can we prevent mass movement?

A

Geologic mapping, revegetation, terracing etc.

97
Q

What is orogenesis?

A

Mountain building

98
Q

What are some processes involved in mountain building?

A

Uplift, deformation, jointing etc

99
Q

What do young mountains look like? What to older mountains look like?

A

Young mountains are high and steep while older mountains are eroded remnants lowered by erosion

100
Q

What is the difference between undeformed and deformed rocks?

A

Undeformed beds are horizontal with no folds or faults, deformed beds are tilted with metamorphic alteration and have folds and faults

101
Q

What is strain?

A

Change in shape caused by deformation

102
Q

What are the three types of strain?

A

Stretching, shortening, and shearing

103
Q

What are the two major types of deformation?

A

Brittle and ductile

104
Q

What factors does deformation depend on?

A

Temperature, pressure, deformation rates, and composition

105
Q

What is brittle deformation and where does it occur?

A

Rocks break by fracturing and it only occurs in the shallow crust

106
Q

What is ductile deformation and where does it occur?

A

Rocks deform by flowing and folding, occurs at 10 - 15 km in depth

107
Q

What is compressive stress?

A

Takes place when object is squished, shortens and thickens material

108
Q

What is horizontal tension?

A

Occurs when object is pulled apart, lengthening and thinning material

109
Q

What occurs during shear stress?

A

Surfaces slide past each other, neither thickens or things material

110
Q

What is a strike and a dip?

A

A strike is a horizontal intersection with a tilted surface, while a dip is the angle of a surface down from the horizontal

111
Q

What is the purpose of joints and veins?

A

Water often flows through joins and dissolved minerals precipitate through veins

112
Q

What are the three types of faults?

A

Dip slip, strike-slip, oblique slip

113
Q

What is the difference between a reverse fault and a normal fault? (Dip slip faults)

A

Reverse fault: hanging wall moves up fault slope

Normal fault: hanging wall moves down fault slope

114
Q

What is a thrust fault?

A

A reverse fault with a gentle dip

115
Q

How are strike-slip faults classifed?

A

By sense of motion (Right lateral and Left lateral

116
Q

What is the amount offset by faults called?

A

Displacement

117
Q

What special terminology is used to describe folds?

A

Hinge: The curvature
Limbs: Curved side
Axial plane: Connects hinges of the layers

118
Q

What is an anticline?

A

Fold which looks like an arch

119
Q

What is a syncline?

A

Fold which opens up like a trough

120
Q

What is a plunging fold?

A

Has a tilted hinge

121
Q

Where are the oldest rocks located in domes and basins?

A

Domes: Oldest rock in the centre
Basin: Younger rocks centre

122
Q

What is a flexural slip?

A

Layers slide past each other

123
Q

When does passive flow form?

A

In hot, soft and ductile rock at high temperatures

124
Q

What does both horizontal and shear compression do to rocks?

A

Horizontal compression causes rocks to buckle while shear causes rocks to fold

125
Q

What is a craton and what are the two types?

A

A crust which hasn’t been deformed in 1 GA – shields and platforms

126
Q

What is the difference between shields and platforms?

A

A shield is made up of Precambrian metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks – platforms are shields which are covered by a layer of Phanerozoic strata

127
Q

What is a barchan (Crescentic) dune?

A

Strong wind in one direction, small sand and limited vegetation

128
Q

What is a transverse dune?

A

Weak wind in done direction, large sand, perpendicular to wind, limited vegetation

129
Q

What is a parabolic dune?

A

Arms stabilized by upwind vegetation, semi-circular blowouts that elongate

130
Q

What is a longitudinal dune?

A

Winds flowing in opposing directions, two slip faces which align with the wind

131
Q

What is the fastest growing dune and why?

A

Star dunes because of multidirectional wind

Geology 201 (3 decks)

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