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Geology 201 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are maps?

A

Something that shows the relationship between different ideas

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2
Q

Are maps always geological?

A

No, maps can also be brain maps

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3
Q

What is a map in relation to geology?

A

Maps are a 2D representation of a 3D space

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4
Q

What makes a good map?

A

It should highlight key details, while hiding less important ones

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5
Q

What was William Smith credited with?

A

Biostratigraphy

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6
Q

What is biostratigraphy?

A

Using the orientation of rocks on the surface to locate rocks in the subsurface

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7
Q

What are the four layers of earth?

A

The crust, mantle, outer core and, inner core

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8
Q

Which layer of the earth is a liquid?

A

The outer core

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9
Q

How do we know about the layers of earth?

A

Using seismology, as well as earthquakes and volcanoes – they are responsible for our knowledge of earth’s layers

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10
Q

What is the difference between p and s waves

A

P wave (Pushing and pulling) while s wave (shear waves – waving around a wand)

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11
Q

Between P and S waves, which cannot pass through liquids?

A

S waves

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12
Q

At what degrees are P-waves affected by shadow zones?

A

103 to 142 degrees

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13
Q

At what degrees are S-waves affected by shadow zones?

A

103 to 103 degrees

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14
Q

What is an epicentre?

A

The location of an earthquake

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15
Q

What is the composition of the crust made up of?

A

Oxygen and silicon

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16
Q

What makes up a majority of the planet?

A

Oxygen and iron

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17
Q

Why is iron more plentiful beneath the surface?

A

Because metal is heavy and it sinks

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18
Q

How did the layers of Earth form?

A

From bombardment, gravitational compression, and radioactive decay which causes rocks to melt

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19
Q

What are the composition layer? (Chemistry)

A

Continental crust and, the oceanic crust

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20
Q

What are the mechanical layers called?

A

The lithosphere and the asthenosphere

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21
Q

What are the five components of a mineral?

A
  • Solid
  • Inorganic
  • Naturally occurring
  • Definite with sometimes varying chemical composition
  • Crystal lattice
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22
Q

What should we not use to identify minerals?

A

Colours

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23
Q

What are earth materials made of?

A

Minerals, rocks, soils, fossils

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24
Q

What is the difference between rocks an minerals?

A

Minerals are made of single crystals, while rocks are aggregate materials

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25
Q

What is the most common building block of minerals?

A

Silicate Tetrahedron

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26
Q

Why are covalent bonds stronger than ionic bonds?

A

Covalent bonds share ions

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27
Q

What charges do minerals have?

A

They are all electrically neutral

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28
Q

What are the physical properties of silicate determined by?

A

Their composition, the arrangement, and bonds of atoms on a crystal lattice

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29
Q

What are the 5 ways minerals are created?

A

Solidification, precipitation from a solution, solid-state diffusion, biomineralization, precipitation from gas

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30
Q

What are the three types of rocks?

A

Igneous, sedimentary an, metamorphic

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31
Q

What minerals are in granite?

A

Potassium and sodium feldspar, muscovite, biotite, hornblende, and quartz

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32
Q

What is the difference between magma and lava?

A

Magma only exists underneath the earth, and once it touches earth’s surface it becomes lava

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33
Q

Where does magma exist?

A

Stored in earth’s crust as molted rock (as long as it exists i the subsurface it will be magma)

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34
Q

When does the mantle melt?

A

Pressure on rock is reduced, a volatile is added to the rock, hot magma melting other rocks

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35
Q

What is decompression melting?

A

When the temperature remains the same, though pressure on a rock is reduced

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36
Q

What is the Liquidus?

A

Conditions where a rock completely melts

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37
Q

What is the sollidus?

A

Conditions where rock begins to melt

38
Q

What is the difference between assimilation and contamination?

A

Assimilation: rocks fall into magma
Contamination: the partial melting of rocks at magma rises upwards

39
Q

Where does magma come from?

A

Convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, and hot spots

40
Q

What are the four types of magma?

A

Felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic

41
Q

What is felsic magma rich in?

A

Silica and oxygen

42
Q

What is mafic magma rich in?

A

Magnesium, iron, and calcium

43
Q

What factors control the composition of magma?

A

Comp of source rocks (rock which is partially melted), Crystal settling, magma mixing, assimilation and contamination

44
Q

What is a discontinuous reaction?

A

When temperature changes, minerals break down to create new minerals

45
Q

What is a continuous reaction?

A

The composition of plagioclase changes with temperature (More ca when hotter, more potassium when cooler)

46
Q

What determines how quickly magma cools?

A

The depth of magma, the size and shape of magma bodies, the presence of groundwater

47
Q

What do extrusive rocks look like?

A

Smaller crystals as they cooled quickly

48
Q

What do intrusive rocks look like?

A

Visible crystals as they cooled slowly

49
Q

What is the difference between aphanitic and phaneritic?

A

Aphanitic rocks have small crystals, while phaneritic rocks have large crystals

50
Q

What do porphyritic rocks look like?

A

The have multiple crystal sizes

51
Q

What are pyroclastic rocks?

A

Fragmented rocks

52
Q

What are vesicular rocks?

A

Rocks with large pores or holes

53
Q

What is special about felsic and mafic rocks?

A

They are only present in the igneous system

54
Q

What determines the composition of igneous rock?

A

Bowen’s Reaction series

55
Q

What kind of magma is produced with fewer covalent bonds between tetrahedra?

A

Thin, runny magma

56
Q

What kind of magma is produced with more covalent bonds between tetrahedra?

A

Thicker, dense magma

57
Q

Which volcanoes has easily flowing lava? (Low silica, low viscosity, low gas?)

A

Mafic lava

58
Q

What are the two types of mafic lavas?

A

Aa – rough, fragmented lava
Pahoehoe – smooth, shiny, and ropey

59
Q

Which volcanoes are the ones which erupt catastrophically?

A

Felsic lava

60
Q

What is the difference between felsic and mafic magma?

A

Mafic magma erupts like a liquid, while felsic magma erupts as a solid

61
Q

What are pyroclastic debris?

A

Things that fly out of a volcano

62
Q

Where are volcanoes most likely to occur?

A

At divergent and convergent boundaries (and sometimes over hotspots)

63
Q

What are the two types of volcanoes?

A

Central vent volcanoes (Stereotypical ones and large volcanic terrains (Mid-ocean ridge)

64
Q

What are the different types of central vent volcanoes?

A

Shield volcanoes, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, and Rhyolite Caldera complexes

65
Q

What are the characteristics of shield volcanoes?

A

Low silica, low gas, tends not to be explosive

66
Q

What are the characteristics of stratovolcanoes?

A

Intermediate to felsic, minerals are explosively ejected as pyroclastic fragments

67
Q

What are the characteristics of Rhyolite Caldera Complexes?

A

Produces inverse volcanoes, withdrawal of magma causes collapse

68
Q

Where do divergent boundaries mostly exist?

A

On the sea floor

69
Q

What different parts is the mantle composed of?

A

The uppermost mantle, the aesthenosphere, and the mesosphere

70
Q

Which part of the mantle can flow? (and which flows more)

A

The aesthenosphere flows the best, and the mesosphere can flow

71
Q

What makes up the oceanic lithosphere?

A

Oceanic crust and the uppermost mantle

72
Q
A
73
Q

What is the difference between a slope and a dip?

A

Slope: a line perpendicular to slope and parallel to surface bedding
Dip: The slope of a dipping bed

74
Q

How are the ages of rocks read on a geological map?

A

Older rocks appear on the bottom, while younger rocks appear on the top

75
Q

What can changes in density show?

A

It can deflect waves, and can change the velocity of waves

76
Q

How do we know the composition of earth?

A

Because of volcanoes and meteorites

77
Q

What kind of elements float?

A

Lighter elements float while denser elements sink

78
Q

Between the continental and oceanic crusts, which is lighter?

A

The continental crust

79
Q

What do ocean-continent boundaries form?

A

Volcano arcs and mountains

80
Q

What do ocean-ocean convergent boundaries form?

A

Isalnd arcs

81
Q

What do continent-continent convergent boundaries form?

A

Mountains

82
Q

Why are plates likely to move?

A

Asthenosphere is weaker, allowing the lithosphere to slip underneath — oceanic plates are denser than continental plates

83
Q

What are the three types of habits on a mineral?

A

Euhedral, Subhedral, and Anhedral

84
Q

Both diamonds and graphite are made out of pure carbon, why is one stronger than the other?

A

Diamonds have stronger covalent bonds in all directions

85
Q

What are the seven mineral classes?

A

Silicates — SiO4
Native elements
Oxides — O2-
Sulfides — S2-
Sulfates — (SO4)2-
Halides — Contains halogens
Carbonates — (CO3)2-

86
Q

How do can silicate tetrahedron be neutralized?

A

Ionic bonds with cations, covalent bonds with other tetrahedron, mix of covalent and ionic bonds

87
Q

Where does lava come from?

A

The mantle (asthenosphere)

88
Q

How can felsic minerals be identified?

A

They are light in colour and weight, and are magnesium and iron deficient

89
Q

How can mafic materials be identified?

A

They are darker in colour, heavier, and are rich in both iron and magnesium

90
Q

What is the composition of the mantle?

A

It is ultramafic

91
Q

Why does felsic magma require many phases?

A

Because it requires many phases of crystal settling and partial melting to produce enough silica content

92
Q
A

Geology 201 (3 decks)

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