Exam 3 Flashcards
Rabies is characterized as a fatal, viral ____________.
encephalitis
Rabies is a (positive/negative) (RNA/DNA) virus.
negative RNA
Rabies primarily occurs in _______ reservoirs.
wildlife
Rabies virus is a bigger problem in (developed/underdeveloped) countries.
underdeveloped
Rabies in underdeveloped countries primarily occurs in ______, while developed countries it occurs in ______.
dogs
wildlife
Rabies virus is shed in ______.
saliva
(T/F) There is a wildlife vaccine for rabies.
True
What kind of Rabies vaccine is available for use in raccoons and coyotes?
oral, live recombinant
(T/F) The rabies vaccine for wildlife is a successful method to help eliminate rabies outbreaks in the US.
True
Incubation period for human rabies.
1-3 months
Rabies virus binds and replicates in _______, entering sensory & motor ______ to the CNS.
myocytes
axons
A fancy word for onset is:
prodrome
(T/F) The prodrome of rabies includes fever, chills, and malaise.
True
In addition to fever, chills, and malaise, Rabies virus onset can cause vague ______, _______, or _______ signs.
respiratory
GI
neuro
What are the 2 forms of Rabies?
- Furious Form
- Paralytic Form
80% of Rabies cases are the (furious/paralytic) form.
furious
Match the signs to the form of rabies:
- weakness, flaccid paralysis, ascending paralysis
- hallucinations, agitation, biting, running, hydrophobia
- paralytic form
- furious form
List 4 clinical signs of Rabies that occur in both forms.
fever
nuchal rigidity
fasciculations
convulsion
Eventually Rabies leads to _______ and death.
coma
The best treatment of Rabies is:
vaccination of exposed
(T/F) Getting the pre-exposure rabies vaccination eliminates the need for post-exposure prophylaxis after an exposure.
False!
______ are necessary to get periodically after a pre-exposure rabies vaccination.
titers
The first step of post-rabies exposure is:
immediate cleaning of wound with soap & water
If you are NOT previously vaccinated against Rabies, list the 2 steps for post-exposure prophylaxis and appropriate timelines.
- human rabies immunoglobulin (day 0)
- vaccine x4 (day 0, 3, 7, 14)
What is the protocol for post-exposure prophylaxis if you have been previously vaccinated against rabies?
vaccine x2 (day 0, 3)
(T/F) Human Rabies Immunoglobulin is necessary for post-exposure prophylaxis for a previously rabies’ vaccinated individual.
False
What two things constitute a rabies exposure?
- infective virus present
- contaminated material contact open wound or mucosal surface
Which 3 tissue types can be infective and exposure constitute a rabies exposure?
- saliva
- neural tissue
- CSF
(T/F) Contact with blood, urine, or feces from a Rabies infected individual constitutes as a rabies exposure.
False
(T/F) Rabies is non-infectious in dried material.
True
List the 2 routes/types of Rabies exposure. Which is rare?
- bite
- non-bite (rare)
Post-exposure rabies prophylaxis should be considered if an individual is in close proximity to __________ and cannot exclude the possibility of a bite or scratch.
bats
Viruses such as Ebola, Marburg, Lassa Fever, and Dengue Fever are all ________ _______ viruses.
Hemorrhagic Fever
Hemorrhagic Fever viruses all cause _______ damage.
microvascular
Two ways Hemorrhagic Fever viruses are transmitted to humans.
- infected animals
- arthropod vectors
Incubation for Hemorrhagic Fever viruses.
2-21 days
All Hemorrhagic Fever viruses begin as _________ signs and petechiae.
non-specific (fever, myalgias, headache abdominal pain)
Hemorrhagic Fever viruses progress to _______, ________ hemorrhage, and multiorgan failure.
shock
mucous membrane
Which hemorrhagic fever virus had outbreaks in Germany amid pharmaceutical workers and veterinarians performing autopsies on sick vervet monkeys, and Uganda with cave tourists and miners?
Marburg Virus Disease
Which animal is an asymptomatic reservoir host for Marburg Virus Disease?
african fruit bat
Which hemorrhagic fever virus is a Filovirus with an enveloped RNA genome?
Ebola Virus Disease
What is the reservoir host for Ebola Virus Disease?
bats
There are a variety of “Ebola viruses” which infect humans, non-human primates, and pigs. List the 4 viruses which cause human infections.
- Zaire
- Sudan
- Tai Forest
- Bundibugyo
Recent Ebola Virus outbreaks have occurred in ________ with a (low/high) mortality rate.
Africa
high
In general, how is Ebola Virus transmitted and in which species?
macaque monkey reproductive organs
How can Ebola virus be transmitted in humans?
sexual activity
When Ebola virus is transmitted to humans via sexual activity, there is 100% ______ death rate and 80% _______ death rate.
fetal
maternal
(T/F) The results of 4 Ebola treatments in the Congo showed promising efficacy for Ebola virus treatment.
False (inconclusive)
(T/F) There are NO approved vaccines for Ebola viruses.
True
Which hemorrhagic fever virus is an enveloped dsDNA alpha-herpesvirus?
Macacine Herpes Virus (MHV-1)
Which species is the natural host for Macacine Herpes Virus 1? Which country is it from?
Macaques (esp. rhesus or cynomolgus)
Asia
(T/F) Macaques develop severe infections due to Macacine Herpes Virus 1.
False (mild or asymptomatic)
There are high MHV-1 antibody levels in (captive/wild) macaca populations.
captive
Likelihood of MHV-1 infection (increases/decreases) with age.
increases
(Vertical/horizontal) transmission but not the other occurs with MHV-1 in macaques.
horizontal
What are the 2 most common lesions seen in macaques with MHV-1?
- cold sore-like lesions on lips
- intranuclear inclusion bodies in vesicle cells
List a few routes which transmit MHV-1 to humans.
monkey bites/scratches
direct saliva (pre-existing wound)
cultured cells
needlestick
fluid in eyes
It is usually difficult to determine the exact transmission route of MHV-1 in humans because cases usually have regular ________ exposure.
monkey
2/3 of MHV-1 incidence has occurred in:
US
MHV-1 disease in humans causes (chronic/acute), (mild/fatal) _________.
acute, fatal encephalomyelitis
Human infections with MHV-1 have a ______% fatality.
70%
Incubation period for MHV-1.
2-30 days
Match the clinical signs for humans with MHV-1 by whether they occur initially, intermediately, or late in the disease:
- pain, pruritis, vesicles/ulcers, local lymphadenopathy
- persistent headache, altered mental status, focal neuro complaints
- fever, malaise, nausea, myalgia, headache, numbness
- initial
- late
- intermediate
(T/F) Progression of MHV-1 infection in humans can be modified by early therapy.
True
MHV-1 causes rare or non-existent ________ infection in humans.
asymptomatic
Wound decontamination with MHV-1 is incredibly important as the virus is likely to enter the host cell within _________.
5 minutes
Which drugs are used for antiviral therapy with MHV-1 infection?
Valacyclovir
Acyclovir
When is antiviral therapy recommended for MHV-1?
high risk source, laceration, deep bite, needlestick
When is antiviral therapy for MHV-1 not recommended?
skin intact exposure, non-macaque exposure
(T/F) All macaques should be considered MHV-1 positive.
True
(T/F) There are currently no federal regulations enforcing safe practices with macaques in the US regarding spread of MHV-1.
False
Which disease is a zoonotic, rodent-borne arenavirus?
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
What type of rodent is the primary host for Lymphocytic Choriomeninigitis?
common house mouse (Mus musculus)
____% of mice in the US are carriers for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.
5%
(T/F) Other rodents such as hamsters and guinea pigs are not natural reservoirs but can become infected with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.
True
Apart from rodents, what 4 other species are susceptible to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis?
swine
dogs
non-human primates
humans
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis is often transmitted to humans via (house mice / pet rodents).
house mice (rarely pet rodents!)
(T/F) Laboratory rodents are a common source of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.
False (but contaminated tumor & cell lines)
Rodents shed Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus throughout their live via ______, ______, and ______.
saliva, urine, feces
Rodents with LCMV are (symptomatic/asymptomatic).
asymptomatic
List 3 routes of LCMV transmission to humans.
- exposure to fresh excreta, saliva, nests
- directly in broken skin / mucous membranes
- organ transplant
(T/F) Human-to-human transmission of LCMV can occur.
False (except in-utero)
List the 3 clinical signs that can occur with human LCMV.
- aseptic meningitis
- encephalitis
- meningoencephalitis
(T/F) 70% of humans with LCMV develop severe disease.
False (70% mild or asymptomatic)
(T/F) Most patients completely recover from Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.
True
(T/F) Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis is fatal in those that develop clinical signs.
False (<1% mortality)
There (is/is not) a vaccination for LCMV.
is not
The multimammate rat of the genus Mastomys from West Africa is the reservoir host for what zoonotic disease?
Lassa Fever
Majority of Lassa Fever cases are (mild/severe).
mild
Incubation for Lassa Fever.
1-3 weeks
Lassa Fever can cause a variety of signs such as fever, sore throat, back pain, cough, vomiting, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, facial swelling, and neuro problems. What 3 major complications can occur?
- deafness
- maternal mortality
- spontaneous abortion
What disease is caused by a large DNA Orthopoxvirus, mainly in the rainforests in Central and West Africa?
Monkey Pox
African _______ and ______ are the most common hosts for Monkey Pox.
rodents & squirrels
In the US in 2003, there was an outbreak of human cases of Monkey Pox due to transmission from pet _________.
prairie dogs
Monkey Pox in humans causes similar signs as ________, which is often milder.
smallpox
Incubation for Monkey Pox.
12 days
1-3 days after fever and swollen lymph nodes develop with Monkey Pox infection, _________ develops and goes through several stages before crusting and falling off.
papular rash
Fatality rates of Monkey Pox are between 1-10% but is more severe in:
children
(T/F) Non-human primates can be infected with Monkey Pox, showing mild to severe signs.
True
What is the main mode for Monkey Pox transmission in humans?
sexual activity (with at least one monkeypox lesion on skin or mucosa)
Apart from sexual activity, list 4 possible ways Monkey Pox can be transmitted to humans.
- direct animal contact
- human-to-human
- fomites
- contaminated piercing/tattoo equipment
The CDC and FDA still have an order in place which restricts importing ________ to the US to help prevent Monkey Pox.
African rodents
“Sheep Pox” is also known as _______ Disease.
Orf
List the 2 typical hosts for Orf Disease.
sheep & goats
(Young/adult) small ruminants are more commonly infected with Orf Disease.
young
Orf Disease is most severe with ________ animals, as they die of starvation.
nursing
(T/F) Humans cases of Orf Disease are usually self-limiting.
True
Humans with Orf Disease have (solitary/multiple) tender lesion(s) on the fingers, hands, or forearms.
solitary
Orf Disease in humans goes through ____ clinical stages of infection, each lasting up to ________.
6
1 week
List the 6 clinical stages of infection in human Orf Disease.
- maculopapular
- targetoid
- acute
- regenerative
- papillomatous
- regressive
(T/F) Mortality for humans with Orf Disease is low.
False (NO mortality - spontaneous recovery after 3-6 weeks)
Orf Disease survives long-term in _______.
scabs
Orf Disease is commonly introduced by replacing _______ animals and (direct/indirect) contact with contaminated materials.
breeding
direct
(T/F) Humans can transmit Orf Disease to cattle and other humans.
False (neither)
The best way to prevent Orf Disease is through animal ________.
vaccination
The order Bunyaviruses include which 3 emerging viral diseases?
- hantavirus
- west nile virus
- coronavirus
Hantavirus is the only Bunyavirus infecting humans that has _______ as the vector.
rodents
List the 2 clinical syndromes that can occur with Hantavirus.
- Hemorrhagic Fever w Renal Syndrome (HFRS)
- Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome caused by Hantavirus is primarily seen in (Europe/US) while Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is primarily seen in (Europe/US).
Europe
US
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome caused by Hantavirus shows 3 radiograph findings:
1. Bilateral ________ infiltrates
2. Bilateral ________ infiltrates
3. Pleural _________.
interstitial
alveolar
effusion
(T/F) Hantavirus causes diffuse viral signs, neutrophils, and debris upon lung histology.
False (MINIMAL signs of these!)
List 3 ways to diagnose Hantavirus.
- serology (IgM, IgG)
- IHC
- RT-PCR (reverse transcription)
Humans with Hantavirus infection have fever, myalgia, and headache which can develop into _________ and ________ failure.
cardiac
respiratory
How is Hantavirus transmitted to humans?
inhalation of aerosolized excreta
List the 2 different types of Hantaviruses in North America.
Sin Nombre
Seoul Virus
The hantavirus Sin Nombre causes (HPS/HFRS) and Seoul Virus causes (HPS/HRFS).
HPS
HFRS
(T/F) Human hantavirus vaccination is an important form of prevention.
False
West Nile Virus is primarily transmitted via _________, but can also occur by blood transfusion, organ donation, or breast feeding.
mosquitos
Mosquitos are the vector for West Nile Virus but the natural reservoir host is _______.
birds
Horses are _______ hosts for West Nile Virus.
dead-end
20% of human West Nile cases are (asymptomatic/symptomatic).
symptomatic (80% asymptomatic)
Mild signs such as fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and anorexia are common signs of:
West Nile Virus
The majority of mortality from WNV is in people (</>) 50 years old.
> 50
While there is current investigation for a human WNV vaccine, there is ________ vaccine available.
equine
Dermatophytosis is a highly contagious fungal infection of __________ tissue.
keratinized (skin, hair, claws)
(T/F) Humans and domestic animals can be affected with Dermatophytosis.
True
_________ ________ is usually associated with Dermatophytosis in cats and dogs, and less commonly zoonotic from dogs than cats.
Microsporum canis
Give the 2 genera of organisms that can cause zoonotic Dermatophytosis.
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Which genus causing Dermatophytosis ONLY causes human disease? What is the human disease called?
Epidermophyton
Tinea
Organisms which cause Dermatophytosis can be characterized in 3 ways. Match each term to the definition.
- soil inhabitations
- host-adapted to humans
- most important animal pathogens
- geophilic
- anthropophilic
- zoophilic
Microsporum canis is zoophilic, and can be transmitted from domestic _______ to humans.
cats
Trichophyton verrucosum is zoophilic and can be transmitted from ______ or _____ to humans.
cattle or lambs
The majority of zoonotic ringworm (Dermatophytosis) infections caused by ________ ________ are spread from cats.
Microsporum canis
Commonly long-haired _______ cats are asymptomatic carriers, transmitting Dermatophytosis to humans.
persian
(T/F) Dermatophytosis can be widespread starting in keratinized tissue and moving throughout the body.
False (inflammation + immunity usually stops from developing further)
(T/F) Dermatophytosis is considered a self-limiting disease in healthy adults.
True
Dermatophytosis causes a “classic” ringworm appearance with an inflammatory response killing the fungus in the (periphery/center) of the lesion and the living fungus present in the (periphery/center).
center, periphery
Humans Dermatophytosis is commonly called:
Tinea
What should you always ask if a client brings in an animal with dermatophytosis-like lesions?
ask if anyone else in the house has similar lesions (and refer to doctor)
(T/F) All ringworm in humans is zoonotic.
False
The most accurate way to diagnose Dermatophytosis is:
fungal culture
________ _______ is a screening exam for dogs and cats with Dermatophytosis.
wood’s lamp
Which fungal zoonosis causes nodular lesions of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues and nearby lymphatics?
Sporotrichosis
(T/F) Sporotrichosis can spread secondarily to articular surfaces, CNS, urogenital, or lungs.
True
(T/F) The clinical signs of Sporotrichosis in humans differ based on the route of transmission.
False (all the same)
Majority of Sporotrichosis infections are limited to the:
skin
_________ is the genus which causes Sporotrichosis.
Spororthrix
Which Sporothrix species is the most virulent but not present in North America, therefore not many cases are seen in the US?
S. brasiliensis
Cats are very (sensitive/resistant) to Sporotrichosis and have a (high/low) mortality.
sensitive, high
Sporotrichosis begins as a small, painful _______ and progresses to __________.
bump
ulceration
What is the primary route of transmission for Sporotrichosis?
trauma (thorn/splinter) –> fungal entry
(T/F) Zoonotic transmission of Sporotrichosis is possible but less likely.
True
List 2 treatment of Sporotrichosis.
Potassium iodide
Itracronazole
PrP indicates a prion and stands for ________ ________.
proteinaceous particle
What is the shorthand for the normal prion? Abnormal?
Normal: PrPc
Abnormal: PrPsc
PrPsc is (more/less) soluble and (more/less) resistant to degradation than the normal prion protein.
less
more
What is the function of a normal prion?
cell surface glycoprotein
In knock-out mice studies with prion proteins, when the prion protein was “knocked out” of the mice, this determined the prion to be (essential/non-essential) to survival.
non-essential
What prion diseases are caused by an abnormal prion protein that creates vacuoles in brain tissue?
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
List 4 parts of the brain that are affected by Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE).
- cerebral cortex
- thalamus
- cerebellum
- brainstem
Match the part of the brain affected by TSE with its clinical signs:
- insomnia
- loss of motor control
- memory loss, visual impairment
- integrative functions, alertness, consciousness
- thalamus
- cerebellum
- cerebral cortex
- brainstem
Which specific TSE typically affects the cerebral cortex?
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease
Which TSE typically affects the thalamus, called “Laughing Disease”?
Kuru
Which TSE typically affects the brainstem?
Mad Cow Disease
Which 5 TSE are in humans?
Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease
Variant Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease
Kuru
Fatal Familial Insomnia
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome
Which TSE affect cattle?
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Which TSE is in sheep?
Scrapie
Which TSE is in deer & elk?
Chronic Wasting Disease
Which TSE is in mink?
Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy
TSE has a (short/long) incubation period and a (short/long) pre-clinical period.
long
long
(T/F) TSE is always fatal.
True
Which 4 disinfectants reduce but DO NOT eliminate TSE?
- phenol
- NaOH
- 50% bleach
- autoclaving
________ is an ineffective TSE disinfectant.
formalin
You cannot kill TSE, only _________ it.
inactivate
Abnormal prions can be detected via assay. They have the SAME amino acid sequence but DIFFERENT ________ structure.
tertiary
In addition to detecting the tertiary structure, abnormal prions can be detected by looking at ________ sensitivity.
protease
PrPc is (sensitive/resistant) to proteinase K digestion and PrPsc is (sensitive/resistant) to proteinase K.
sensitive
resistant
Protease sensitivity for abnormal prions is used as a _________ tool and a negative reaction could still be abnormal.
surveillance
Abnormal prions cause other prions to misfold. This process as each abnormal prion allows doubling of misfolded prions is called:
pathological chaperone
There are 3 ways that abnormal prions arise:
- horizontal transmission
- inherited form
- spontaneous
Abnormal prions can be horizontally transmitted via ________.
ingestion
Abnormal prions are inherited via ________ transmission from parent to offspring.
vertical
Sheep with both Scrapie and _________ can transmit prions via milk.
mastitis
__________ causes mastitis in sheep and enhances transmission of prions.
Lentivirus
“Mad Cow Disease” is also known as:
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
BSE likely originated from what other TSE?
Scrapie (sheep)
________ has the most stringent BSE control programs, excluding all animals over 30 months of age from the human food supply and animal feed.
UK
Match the OIE Risk Categories for BSE by its description:
- Proof of effective assessment & surveillance. No BSE cases within 11 years.
- Indigenous BSE cases. Need reporting program & feed ban.
- Need to identify, track, and prevent known BSE-infected animals from entering food and for export.
- Cannot determine requirements of another category.
- negligible BSE risk
- controlled BSE risk
- both negligible + controlled risk
- undetermined BSE risk
Which OIE Risk Category is the US?
controlled BSE risk
In 2009, _______ established a BSE-related feed ban which prohibits use of high-risk cattle tissues in ALL animal feed.
FDA
Which TSE is a rare and fatal form, likely caused by a UK BSE cattle oubtreak?
vCJD (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)
Regarding differences between vCJD and CJD…
vCJD affects (younger/older) patients and has a (shorter/longer) duration than CJD.
younger
longer
vCJD is commonly located where in the cerebral cortex?
florid prion protein plaques
Abnormal prions due to vCJD can be detected in __________ tissues.
lymphoid
There has been evidence of CJD found in what tissue of diseased patients?
eyes
Instruments used for necropsy regarding CJD and patient eyes (are/are not) decontaminated via autoclave.
ARE NOT!!!
How are misfolded prions from vCJD detected?
RT-QuIC (real-time quaking-induced protein conversion)
(T/F) There is currently strong evidence to support the spread of Chronic Wasting Disease to humans.
False
List the current regulation in place regarding Chronic Wasting Disease in MO.
MO Mandatory CWD Sampling
(T/F) A study found that macaque monkeys DID NOT become infected with exposure to CWD, but squirrel monkeys were susceptible.
True
A study showed ______ in length treatment with ____% diluted bleach is effective to inactivate CWD seeding in steel and brain homogenates, but NOT in solid tissues.
5 minutes
40%
The most common infections acquired by immunocompromised persons from pets are ________ infections, especially caused by _______ and _______ species.
enteric
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Immunocompromised people should avoid adopting a (young/old) pet, especially those with ________.
young
diarrhea
Pet birds pose a (low/high) risk to immunocompromised people.
low
(T/F) Humans with HIV should avoid pet birds due to infections with Cryptococcus and Mycobacterium.
False
Which is more likely to spread Salmonella & Campylobacter to humans: wild birds or pet birds?
wild birds
(T/F) Most cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis occurs due to acute infections transmitted by pet cats compared to a previously latent infection.
False (more commonly a latent infection, less commonly acute)
What is the best way to prevent transmission of toxoplasmosis from cats?
litter box hygiene
(T/F) Direct contact with cats can transmit toxoplasmosis to immunocompromised people.
False (unlikely)
Cats only harbor _______ _______ for a limited period of time but can still cause bacillary angiomatosis in people.
Bartonella henselae
________ control is important in reducing the spread of Bartonella henselae from cats to immunocompromised people.
flea
(Dogs/cats) are more likely to transmit enteric diseases such as Salmonella and Campylobacter to immunocompromised people due to higher shedding rates.
dogs
(T/F) Bordetella bronchiseptica infections have been reported in immunocompromised people from dogs.
True
Immunocompromised people should NOT own ________ because of the high rates of being carriers and shedding Salmonella.
reptiles
What organism has been transmitted to immunocompromised people via aquarium pet fish?
Mycobacterium marinum
Immunocompromised people should avoid contact with young ________ since they can act as a reservoir for Cryptosporidium spp.
farm animals
Swine contact should be avoided with immunocompromised people since they are a known source of ___________ __________.
Bordetella bronchiseptica
(T/F) Immunocompromised people with exposure to horses have an increased risk of contracting Rhodococcus equi infections.
False
List the 4 principal zoonotic concerns for pregnant clients.
- toxoplasmosis
- listeriosis
- LCMV
- brucella spp.
To prevent LCMV, pregnant clients should avoid exposure to:
mice
What is one of the most common routes diseases are transmitted from animals to people in public settings?
direct physical contact with animal
________ bacteria and parasites pose the highest risk for human disease from animals in public settings.
enteric
Many enteric diseases contracted from public settings have a (low/high) infectious dose.
low
In 2014, Minnesota officials traced a petting zoo to human infections with:
E. coli 0157:H7
(T/F) Removing ill animals is necessary but not sufficient to protect animal and human health in public settings.
True
Salmonellosis outbreaks in MN & MA have occurred due to dissection of ______ ______.
owl pellets
Toxoplasma gondii is a(n) (facultative/obligate) intracellular parasite.
obligate
Definitive host for Toxoplasmosis.
felids
List 3 ways felids can become infected with Toxoplasma gondii.
- congenital (vertical)
- ingest sporulated oocysts (feces)
- ingest tissue cysts (intermediate host)
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals can all act as ________ hosts for Toxoplasmosis.
intermediate
(T/F) Humans can become infected with Toxoplasmosis from oocysts in fresh feces from poorly sanitized litter boxes.
False (fresh feces NOT infective)
Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in feces take how long to sporulate?
1-5 days
Toxoplasma gondii is most commonly transmitted to humans via contaminated _______ or _______.
soil
water
(T/F) Cats themselves are rarely sources of infection for human toxoplasmosis.
True
(T/F) Humans infected with Toxoplasma gondii postnatally are usually asymptomatic.
True
Congenital Toxoplasmosis is (more/less) severe than acquired.
more
List a few clinical signs from Congenital Toxoplasmosis.
ocular infection / blindness
hepatosplenomegaly
hydrocephalus
jaundice
cerebral palsy
seizures
miscarriage
Toxoplasmosis can be prevented in humans by cleaning the litter box daily and by not feeding cats __________.
undercooked meats
(T/F) Microwaving infected meat will kill Toxoplasma gondii cysts.
False (doesn’t penetrate evenly)
One way to avoid Toxoplasmosis is to NOT adopt or handle stray cats while ________.
pregnant
Leishmaniasis is transmitted via:
sand flies
List 2 forms of Leishmaniasis.
- cutaneous
- visceral
What clinical sign is seen in humans with Visceral Leishmaniasis?
splenomegaly
In the US such as TX & OK, there are usually (cutaneous/visceral) cases of Leishmaniasis.
cutaneous
Canine Leishmaniasis infection is caused by Leishmania _________.
infantum
(T/F) Dogs have severe clinical signs due to Leishmania infantum infection.
True
The primarily route for transmission of Canine Leishmaniasis is (vertical/horizontal).
vertical
(T/F) Canine Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies in the US.
False
Canine Leishmaniasis has been reported in ________ in the US.
foxhounds
Chaga’s Disease is caused by ________ _______.
Trypanosoma cruzi
How is Chaga’s Disease transmitted?
kissing bugs (feces in bite)
List 3 animal reservoirs for Chaga’s Disease.
dogs, cats, rodents
In addition to flu-like signs, hepatosplenomegaly, and swollen lymph nodes, two characteristic signs are seen in humans with Chaga’s Disease:
Chagoma
Romanas sign
________ is the swelling of the eyelid that occurs with Human Leishmaniasis.
Romanas sign
________ is a local swelling where Trypanosoma cruzi enters the human body.
chagoma
If left untreated, Chaga’s Disease can progress to enlarged _______, ______, or ______.
heart, colon, esophagus
In warmer climates, _________ larvae from the soil with contaminated feces can cause a “creeping eruption” or Cutaneous Larva Migrans in humans.
hookworm
List 3 hookworm species which can cause Cutaneous Larva Migrans in humans.
- Ancyclostoma caninum
- Ancyclostoma braziliense
- Uncinaria stenocephala
(Children/adults) are most greatly affected by Cutaneous Larval Migrans.
children
(T/F) Cutaneous Larval Migrans in humans due to hookworm larvae is usually self-limiting.
True
(T/F) Cutaneous Larval Migrans can progress to Atypical human hookworm infections.
False (different types of infections!)
What rare, atypical infection can occur with hookworms in humans?
Human Eosinophilic Enterocolitis
List the 3 parasites that can cause Visceral and/or Ocular Larval Migrans in humans.
- Toxocara canis
- Toxocara cati
- Baylisascaris procyonis
Roundworms which cause Visceral Larval Migrans (often/rarely) cause death in humans.
rarely
Term for a white mass in the pupillary region which occurs in Ocular Larval Migrans in humans.
leukocoria
Visceral & Ocular Larval Migrans is associated with what other human disorder that may cause infection?
pica
Baylisascaris ________ is the raccoon roundworm.
procyonis
Humans are a(n) _________ host for Baylisascaris.
accidental
_________ are asymptomatic or subclinical when infected with Baylisascaris.
raccoons
Young children playing in dirt can ingest embryonated Baylisascaris eggs from infected raccoon feces. The larvae then penetrate the GI wall and can migrate several places, causing ________, _______, or ________ Larva Migrans.
visceral
ocular
cerebrospinal
(T/F) Baylisascaris infection in humans is likely underdiagnosed.
True
(Toxocara/Baylisascaris) infections in humans are more severe.
Baylisascaris
________ ________ is the most common tapeworm of dogs & cats in the US.
Dipylidium caninum
Humans with Dipylidium caninum infection serve as a(n) __________ host.
definitive!!! (rather than intermediate or dead-end)
Intermediate host for Dipylidium caninum.
flea
Dipylidium caninum can be diagnosed by seeing ________ in feces or proglottids around the perineum.
egg packets
Fill-in the blanks for the life-cycle of Dipylidium caninum:
A flea ingests eggs –> ________ develops –> penetrates intestinal wall –> becomes _______ which is infective to definitive hosts.
oncosphere
cysticercoid
Echinococcus causes _________ Disease.
Hydatid
Echinococcus granulosum uses _______ as their definitive hosts and most mammals as intermediate hosts.
canids
Humans serve as ________ hosts for Echinococcus granulosum.
intermediate
(T/F) Echinococcus granulosum eggs are immediately infectious after becomes hydatid cysts or bladder worms.
True
Echinococcus multilocularis uses _________ as definitive host and _________ as intermediate hosts.
foxes
rodents
There are 2 biotypes of Hydatid Disease in North America.
__________ form is northern and seen in wolves, bison, and cervids.
__________ form is southern European and seen in domestic ungulates and dogs.
Sylvatic
Pastoral / Domestic
Hydatid Disease in humans is mostly seen in (rural/urban) areas.
rural
Which 2 locations are hydatid cysts in humans primarily located?
liver
lungs
Hydatid cysts can appear as slow-growing tumors. However, what diagnostic finding would indicate this over a neoplastic disease?
eosinophilia
Hydatid Disease can be disinfected via (chemicals/heat).
heat (NOT chemicals)
Hymenolepiasis is caused by two ________.
cestodes
Hymenolepsis _______ is known as the dwarf tapeworm.
nana
Hymenolepsis _________ is known as the rat tapeworm.
diminuta
Which species of Hymenolepsis has a direct AND indirect life cycle?
H. nana
For Hymenolepiasis:
Definitive host?
Intermediate host?
DH: rodents
IH: cockroach, beetle, flea
(T/F) H. nana eggs are immediately infective in fresh stool.
True
(T/F) Most humans with Hymenolepiasis are asymptomatic.
True
Which parasite is known as a canine and feline roundworm and thought to be an EMERGING disease in the US?
Onchocera lupi
For Onchocerciasis:
Definitive host?
Vector?
DH: dogs
Vector: blackflies
Onchocerca _________ causes River Blindness in tropical climates and not currently seen in the US.
volvulus
Reverse zoonoses are from _______ to _______.
human to animal
Which 2 animal species are particularly susceptible to Reverse Zoonoses?
swine
ferrets
White Pox Disease in _______ _______ is an example of reverse zoonoses.
coral reefs
List the 3 main diseases discussed which can be considered Reverse Zoonoses.
- influenza
- measles
- tuberculosis
Measles is a morbillivirus which commonly affects _________, usually from human contact via respiratory droplets.
nonhuman primates
Measles in humans causes a viremia which leads to _________ immunity which causes a ________ to develop due to hypersensitivity reaction.
T cell
rash
List 3 complications that Measles in humans can progress to.
- pneumonia
- encephalitis
- death
Which group of animals can develop a skin rash or respiratory, GI, or neurologic signs due to Measles contracted from human transmission?
non-human primates
Recent Measles cases in the US are likely due to __________ people and those that travel to countries with outbreaks.
unvaccinated
Which species is highly susceptible to reverse zoonoses Tubcerculosis infection?
elephants
Tuberculosis is more common in (captive/wild) elephants.
captive
(T/F) Mycobacterium tuberculosis is often the cause of death in elephants with the disease.
False (incidental)
________ Disease in humans is potentially associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
Crohn’s
Crohn’s Disease is a chronic inflammatory __________ disease.
bowel
(T/F) No connection between M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Johne’s Disease has been established.
True
Crohn’s Disease is characterized by a thickened small intestine due to __________ infiltrate.
macrophage
There are 5 presentations of Crohn’s Disease based on the location and clinical signs. List them.
- ileocolitis
- ileitis
- gastroduodenal
- jejunoileitis
- granulomatous colitis
