Exam 1 Flashcards
Traditional medicine focuses on ________ patient health while Public Health focuses on the effects of disease on _________.
individual
populations
COVID-19 is a zoonosis which mutated and transferred to humans from:
horseshoe bats
Flesh-Eating Bacteria etiology is _______ _______.
Vibrio vulnificus
Flesh-Eating Bacterial infections are associated with increased:
water temperatures (climate change)
How is Vibrio vulnificus transmitted?
contaminated seafood
What disease uses humans and horses as a dead-end host and transmitted by mosquitos primarily in the Gulf Coast States?
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Sudden headache, fever, chills, and vomiting are signs of Eastern Equine Encephalitis. Severe infections cause ________, ________, and ________.
disorientation
seizures
coma
Legionnaire’s Disease is caused by _________.
Legionella
Legionella causes severe _________, especially in immunocompromised hosts.
pneumonia
What outbreak location is Legionnaire’s Disease associated with?
Fletcher State Fair
Which bacteria is normal in healthy dogs and cats but can cause necrotic wounds in humans via licking/biting?
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
Which bacteria is associated with food-borne disease in weakened immune systems via an outbreak of contaminated milkshakes?
Listeria
Which disease is a common worldwide public health concern do to vaccination controversy in association with Autism and decreased vaccination rates?
Measles
(T/F) Food-borne illnesses are a major issue in the US.
True (high economic costs)
When a food pathogen replicates in the GI tract and causes signs within 24-48 hours, this is called:
infection
When a bacterial toxin is ingested in food and signs develop within minutes to hours, this is called:
intoxication
What is the most common sign of food-borne illness?
diarrhea
What is the definition of diarrhea?
3+ liquid stools per day
Which pathogen is the most common cause of food-borne diarrhea?
E. coli
What are the 3 clinical types of diarrhea?
- acute watery
- acute bloody (dysentery)
- persistent (>14 days)
Which gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria is part of the normal GI flora but some cause disease?
E. coli
Some E. coli can cause ________ or _______ illness.
diarrhea
respiratory
List the 6 pathotypes of Diarrheagenic E. coli.
- Shiga-toxin producing E. coli
- Enterotoxigenic E. coli
- Enteropathogenic E. coli
- Enteroaggregative E. coli
- Enteroinvasive E. coli
- Diffusely adherent E. coli
Shiga-Toxin Producing E. coli (STEC) is also referred to as ______ or _____.
EHEC
VTEC
Which two toxins does STEC use?
shiga toxin 1
shiga toxin 2
Which shiga toxin used by STEC tends to be more virulent?
shiga toxin 2
What is the most common STEC infection?
E. coli O157
4 sources of Shiga-Toxin Producing E. coli infection include:
- species contact (cattle, goat, sheep, deer)
- contaminated food (beef, milk)
- stool (calves)
- person-to-person (daycares)
Incubation period for STEC.
3-4 days
STEC causes what life-threatening syndrome in 5-10% of patients due to RBC destruction and kidney failure?
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
(T/F) Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome due to STEC should be treated promptly with antibiotics to stop progression.
False (no treatment)
(T/F) Prevention, not treatment is the only way to avoid Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.
True
(T/F) Washing food removes all STEC from food and therefore is a method for prevention.
False (only removes some - lowers dose)
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is the leading cause of:
Traveler’s Diarrhea
Which two toxins does Enterotoxigenic E. coli use?
heat-stable toxin (ST)
heat-labile toxin (LT)
How do heat stable toxin and heat labile toxins cause diarrhea in ETEC?
stimulate GI tract to secrete excess fluid
Incubation period of ETEC.
1-3 days
ETEC infection has a (good/poor) prognosis.
good
Children in developing countries can develop what long-lasting effects due to ETEC infection?
malnutrition, stunting, cognitive defects
Which country is most commonly associated with Traveler’s Diarrhea caused by ETEC?
Asia
How can ETEC be treated?
fluids
OTC meds prior to travel
Which pathotype of E. coli was the first strain found as a source of outbreaks in the 40s and 50s and is called “Summer Diarrhea” in infants of developed countries?
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
(T/F) EPEC is a major problem in developed countries.
False
(T/F) Enteroaggregative E. coli only causes major infection in developing countries.
False (both developing + developed)
Enteroaggregative E. coli is the second most common cause of:
Traveler’s Diarrhea
Which E. coli pathotype is associated with a German outbreak in 2011 through sprouts?
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
Which pathotype of E. coli is endemic in developing countries due to poor sanitation but rare in developed countries and is similar to STEC genetically?
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
Any outbreak of foodborne illness is defined as:
2+ cases from single food item
The majority of food-borne illnesses are caused by ________ while fewer illnesses but more deaths are caused by ________.
produce
meat/poultry
_______ causes the most deaths due to Food-borne illness.
poultry
List 2 possible causes of poultry-related deaths.
Listeria
Salmonella
_______ _______ prevents diseased meat from reaching consumers.
meat inspection
(T/F) Meat inspection is required by law.
True
Meat Inspection uses 7 HACCP Principles. What does HACCP stand for?
Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points
______ or _____ notify companies when there is a problem and evaluation for a recall.
USDA + FDA
(T/F) Recalls are part of fairly new food inspection procedures.
False (old - lacked authority)
Current regulations for food safety include the USDA for _______ and FDA for _______.
meat/poultry
other (seafood, juice, eggs)
Which Act is a current food regulation since 2011 that states the FDA can order food recalls instead of relying on industry cooperation?
FDA Food Safety Modernization Act
Regarding antemortem food inspection, match the class to its description:
- acceptable for slaughter
- may have disease
- does not go to slaughter
- passed
- suspect
- condemned
What are the 5 D’s which condemn an animal during antemortem inspection?
dead, dying, diseased, disabled, drugged
Condemned food products are disposed properly via _________, meaning they are cooked at high temperatures to destroy organisms and only used for inedible purposes.
tanking
(T/F) Meat is likely to be sterile after processing and when reaching the consumer.
False (not likely to be sterile)
Food Irradiation is the process of using ______ _________. A high level of radiant energy penetrates food to kill microorganisms.
cold pasteurization
(T/F) Food irradiation kills bacteria at high doses but DOES NOT completely sterilize food.
True
Canned pet foods must be processed with low ______ regulations so food is free of microorganisms.
acid
(T/F) Pet food must be pre-approved by the FDA.
False! (no requirement for pre-approval, just need safe ingredients)
Which corporation regulates pet food safety?
FDA
“A product intended for consumption for pets manufactured under FSIS voluntary reimbursable inspection services” is the definition of:
certified pet food
For certified pet food, ______ inspects, certifies, and identifies pet food. _____ regulates other pet food subject to FFDCA.
FSIS
FDA
What decree, revised in 2017, identifies quality standards for milk, regulating producers, creameries, and veterinarians and are enforced by State Milk Inspectors?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO)
There are 3 classes of milk according to milk regulations. Match the class to the description:
- visible color, odor, or texture change
- unknown suitability before milking
- unfit for human consumption after veterinary treatment
- abnormal milk
- undesirable milk
- contaminated milk
What are the 2 overarching ways that pathogens enter milk?
- mastitis
- contamination
_______ pathogens can enter milk via mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland.
bacterial
Contamination can cause pathogens to enter milk via ________, _______, or _______.
fomites, poor handling, unclean cattle
What are some examples of milk adulterants due to cattle treatment?
biologics (vaccine), hormones, antibiotics
What is an example of an environmental adulterant that can be added to milk?
pesticides
Regarding milk storage, milk must be (frozen, chilled, heated) and water (added/not added).
chilled
not added
_______ _______ testing is used to detect bacterial growth inhibitors, somatic cell count, and bacteria count in milk.
bulk tank
Term for the heating of all milk particles to a specific temperature or for a specific timeframe without recontamination.
pasteurization
Pasteurization of milk is used to kill pathogens and enhance shelf-life. Which important pathogen is killed via Pasteurization?
Coxiella burnetti (causes Q-fever)
List the 3 Pasteurization methods.
- Low-Temp-Long-Time (LTLT)
- High-Temp-Short-Time (HTST)
- Ultra-High Temp (UHT)
Ultrapasteurization of milk requires _____ degrees F for at least what amount of time?
138 F for 2 seconds
(T/F) Ultrapasteurized milk can be stored without refrigeration for months.
True
List 3 pathogens which are of concern in raw milk.
- campylobacter
- E. coli (STEC)
- salmonella
Which disease causes large volumes of watery diarrhea and significant morbidity AND mortality in poverty?
Cholera
Etiology of Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
(Children/Adults) are more susceptible to Cholera.
children
(T/F) Cholera is endemic to US.
False (not anymroe)
(T/F) The GI tract retains normal absorptive properties during Cholera infection.
True
How is Cholera transmitted?
fecal-oral (contaminated food/water)
