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Positive Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

PGI

A

skills to help us make changes in ourselves (new years resolutions)
Active and intentional
Ongoing process to use PGI skills

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2
Q

PGI Book

A

One intentional personal growth experience=a page
Exercise routine-each day you choose to workout =page
Your flip book= your efforts&actions

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3
Q

Readiness for Change (PGI)

A

Ability to identify what to change
Ability to identify when to change (not always a good time to change)

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4
Q

Plan-fullness(PGI)

A

Ability to develop a plan for specific changes

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5
Q

Using Resources(PGI)

A

awareness of common resources for help
knowing how to use resources
actually using these resources
part of PGI that people score lowest but is most important

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6
Q

Intentional Behavior

A

following through on plans for personal growth

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7
Q

Comfort Zones

A

behavior that is familiar, safe, natural, controllable, risk free
everyone’s CZ is unique

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8
Q

Intentional Personal Growth

A

step outside CZ
take risks
temporary discomfort to change in meaningful ways
reward=change might last forever

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9
Q

Benefits of using PGI skills

A

more likely to actually make changes
transferable skills
inspired to make other changes

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10
Q

PGI & Trauma

A

soon after trauma= more post-traumatic stress & PTG= more intrusive rumination & positive affect, less negative affect
long-term after trauma= less post-traumatic stress, more PTG= more deliberate rumination & positive affect, less negative affect

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11
Q

PGI & Trauma Blackie et al. Study

A

Rwandan genocide
effects 15-18 years later=
rates of PTSD much higher if 11-20 during genocide
high rates comorbid depression
poor functioning across life domains
PGI promotes better outcomes in all 3 areas

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12
Q

Career & PGI

A

more career exploration
less anxiety about career options
more self-efficacy
more career maturity

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13
Q

Interpersonal Relationships & PGI

A

more trust, satisfaction, intimacy, ability to compromise
more concern for other’s well-being

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14
Q

Can we teach PGI skills?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Intentional Growth Training (IGT)

A

purpose: teach PGI skills
2-session workshop
Session 1: info about PGI and activity (at home=do steps you chose)
Session 2: 1 week later; writing modified Pennbaker paradigm, write about exp.

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16
Q

Benefits of IGT (Harmon)

A

depression in majority of college students=less educational success
goal=prevention of symptoms
Treatment group 1 week later had lower depressive symptoms than control
over next month treatment stayed low and control stayed high

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17
Q

High Personal Importance Goals

A

more commitment
more positive affect when achieved

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18
Q

Difficulty Goals

A

High difficulty( to a point)= more motivation & positive affect
too difficult=less motivation

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19
Q

Striving Toward Vs. Avoidance Goals

A

“get a good grade” vs. “not fail”
avoidance goals= more physical & psych distress, anxiety
low social well being, relationship satisfaction

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20
Q

Specific Vs. Abstract Goals

A

More specific leads to better performance= high emotional well-being
abstract= “I want to lose weight”
specific= “I will walk 20 minutes 4x a week”

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21
Q

Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic Goals

A

intrinsic=within us (I want to apply concepts of pos. psych to my life)
extrinsic= motivated by factors external to us (byproduct of task, money)
intrinsic goals > high subjective well-being
extrinsic- low vitality, high anxiety

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22
Q

Optimism (Carver & Scheier)

A

believing that good things will happen not bad
relies on fate, chance, powerful others
measuring optimism= LOT-R
assesses positive & negative experiences

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23
Q

Optimism Learned (Seligman et al.,)

A

attributions of both positive and negative events
measuring optimism-attributional style questionnaire, rate causal explanations of each event
Problem of personal responsibility-removed internal vs external

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24
Q

Learned Optimists Attributions

A

external- other ppl/environment produce bad outcomes
variable- not likely to happen again
specific- just in this one area

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25
Q

Pessimists Attributions

A

internal- overemphasize role of self
stable- likely to happen again
global-generalize to other areas

26
Q

Benefits Learned Optimists

A

more playful
better problem-solvers
use more approach-oriented coping
“I will start studying for bio test a week in advance”

27
Q

Benefits Pessimists

A

more avoidant
use more detail-oriented coping
“I do not care about bio, so ne need to study”

28
Q

Hope & Optimism

A

both focus on future, chance to change/improve things, beneficial for our mental health

29
Q

General Definition of Hope

A

believing that you can make good things happen in your life and for yourself
relies on: primarily yourself

30
Q

Snyder’s Hope

A

goal directed thinking w/
pathways thinking-perceived capacity to find routes to desired goals
agency thinking-require motivations to use those routes

31
Q

Characteristics of Hope Goals

A

must have value to person
short or long term
easy to difficult
approach or preventative

32
Q

Pathways

A

produce alternate routes when blocked
“Maybe I can do it this way”
positive self-talk

33
Q

Agency

A

energetic self-talk (pep talk)
“I will keep going”

34
Q

Measuring Hope- 4 ways

A

Hope scale(adults)- trait measure
Children’s Hope Scale- ages 8-16
State Hope Scale(adults)- here & now goal directed thinking, can change due to circumstances
Domain-Specific Hope Scales(adults)- goal directed thinking in specific areas

35
Q

Outcomes of Hope (mostly kids)

A

better academic performance
better sports performance
better healthy behaviors
kids w/ Type 1 Diabetes=check blood sugar regularly

36
Q

Outcomes of Optimism (Adults)

A

better academic performance
better sports performance
better adult physical health
more effective coping w/ stressors
greater satisfaction in relationships
less vulnerable to depression

37
Q

What is Prosocial Behavior

A

voluntary actions
intention to help/benefit others
accidentally helping someone is not prosocial behavior

38
Q

Kin Altrusism

A

evolutionary theory
target-genetic relatives
goal-survival of genetic material

39
Q

Mutualism

A

evolutionary theory
target-members of community or team
goal-common interests/goals

40
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A

evolutionary theory
target-people who can help you
goal-I help you, you help me

41
Q

Competitive Altruism

A

evolutionary theory
target-anyone but in pre scene of rivals
goal- status and power, diminish others (wing of hospital, selling chocolates)

42
Q

Psychological Motives for Altruism

A

egoism-motivated: behavior benefits me (I can’t live with myself if I don’t stop)
empathy-motivated: reduce someone else’s needs
can have both

43
Q

Benefits to Giver (altruisms)

A

better physical health in older Americans research
lower risk of death
promotive effect- direct effect high altruism = low death
protective effect- decreases potency of risk factor, high stress lead to increased death after 5years

44
Q

Older adults whose spouses died prosocial behavior

A

giving instrumental prosocial behavior w/in 6mos associated w/
low depressive symptoms @ 12mos even when pre-death burden was high
receiving social support w/in 6mos- not related to 12 mo depressive symptoms

45
Q

Why are there positive benefits to the giver

A

builds positive emotions (Broaden & Build)
downstream effects of positive emotions
decreased activation of inflammation genes
bolstered immunity responses
lowered blood pressure
not everyone has same benefits (possible moderators= personal values)

46
Q

Who might benefit from engaging in prosocial behavior?

A

when motives empathetic & altruistic
when behavior is voluntary
when you believe you can/will make a difference

47
Q

Who is more likely to be prosocial?

A

none of the differences big
older ppl more than younger ppl
religiously identified more than those who aren’t
women more than men when behaviors: altruistic, emotionally charged, when asked, in emergencies
men more than women when behaviors are : public

48
Q

Who is less likely to be prosocial?

A

High narcissism ppl (self-centered)
High machiavellianism (manipulative, my ends justify my means)
High psychopathy (lack of empathy, I get what I want & don’t care abt consequences)

49
Q

Circumstances Promoting Prosocial Behavior

A

when we are stressed (Taylor’s Tend & Befriend= strengthen relationships to lower distress)
when experiencing positive emotions
when experiencing moral elevation (Others inspire us)

50
Q

Job Crafting

A

how do I shape job into what is important to me to be satisfied/happy

51
Q

Job Definition

A

focus on financial rewards & necessity rather than pleasure or fulfillment, not major positive part of life

52
Q

Career Definition

A

focus on advancement

53
Q

Calling Definition

A

focus on enjoyment of fulfilling, socially useful work

54
Q

Perceiving a Calling

A

identifying what you are called to do

55
Q

Living a Calling

A

actually doing the work
may not have access to the opportunities to do our calling

56
Q

Person-Enviornment Fit

A

interests
skills
values
strengths
high job satisfaction= purpose/meaning

57
Q

Work can be a positive force in our lives

A

during employment= better subjective physical health
better mental health
more satisfaction w/ life
more marital and family satisfaction
during unemployment worse physical & psych WB
when reemployed improve physical and psych WB

58
Q

Spill-over Effects

A

more positive role spill-over with high extraversion
agreeableness
conscientiousness
openness to new exp.
some effects can be bad

59
Q

CARE work

A

tasks directly involve care in service to others
i.e taking care of children, parents, etc
some paid some not (usually low wages, poor work conditions)

60
Q

OECD Data for Care Work

A

disproportionately done by women
almost twice as much hrs spent than men across several countries
U.S a little better but still bad

61
Q

USA (2018) Data for Care Work

A

older age groups
45-54, 55-61, 62 & older= less discrepancy between men and women as far as care work goes

Positive Psychology (2 decks)

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