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Positive Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

PGI

A

skills to help us make changes in ourselves (new years resolutions)
Active and intentional
Ongoing process to use PGI skills

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2
Q

PGI Book

A

One intentional personal growth experience=a page
Exercise routine-each day you choose to workout =page
Your flip book= your efforts&actions

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3
Q

Readiness for Change (PGI)

A

Ability to identify what to change
Ability to identify when to change (not always a good time to change)

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4
Q

Plan-fullness(PGI)

A

Ability to develop a plan for specific changes

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5
Q

Using Resources(PGI)

A

awareness of common resources for help
knowing how to use resources
actually using these resources
part of PGI that people score lowest but is most important

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6
Q

Intentional Behavior

A

following through on plans for personal growth

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7
Q

Comfort Zones

A

behavior that is familiar, safe, natural, controllable, risk free
everyone’s CZ is unique

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8
Q

Intentional Personal Growth

A

step outside CZ
take risks
temporary discomfort to change in meaningful ways
reward=change might last forever

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9
Q

Benefits of using PGI skills

A

more likely to actually make changes
transferable skills
inspired to make other changes

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10
Q

PGI & Trauma

A

soon after trauma= more post-traumatic stress & PTG= more intrusive rumination & positive affect, less negative affect
long-term after trauma= less post-traumatic stress, more PTG= more deliberate rumination & positive affect, less negative affect

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11
Q

PGI & Trauma Blackie et al. Study

A

Rwandan genocide
effects 15-18 years later=
rates of PTSD much higher if 11-20 during genocide
high rates comorbid depression
poor functioning across life domains
PGI promotes better outcomes in all 3 areas

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12
Q

Career & PGI

A

more career exploration
less anxiety about career options
more self-efficacy
more career maturity

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13
Q

Interpersonal Relationships & PGI

A

more trust, satisfaction, intimacy, ability to compromise
more concern for other’s well-being

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14
Q

Can we teach PGI skills?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Intentional Growth Training (IGT)

A

purpose: teach PGI skills
2-session workshop
Session 1: info about PGI and activity (at home=do steps you chose)
Session 2: 1 week later; writing modified Pennbaker paradigm, write about exp.

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16
Q

Benefits of IGT (Harmon)

A

depression in majority of college students=less educational success
goal=prevention of symptoms
Treatment group 1 week later had lower depressive symptoms than control
over next month treatment stayed low and control stayed high

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17
Q

High Personal Importance Goals

A

more commitment
more positive affect when achieved

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18
Q

Difficulty Goals

A

High difficulty( to a point)= more motivation & positive affect
too difficult=less motivation

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19
Q

Striving Toward Vs. Avoidance Goals

A

“get a good grade” vs. “not fail”
avoidance goals= more physical & psych distress, anxiety
low social well being, relationship satisfaction

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20
Q

Specific Vs. Abstract Goals

A

More specific leads to better performance= high emotional well-being
abstract= “I want to lose weight”
specific= “I will walk 20 minutes 4x a week”

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21
Q

Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic Goals

A

intrinsic=within us (I want to apply concepts of pos. psych to my life)
extrinsic= motivated by factors external to us (byproduct of task, money)
intrinsic goals > high subjective well-being
extrinsic- low vitality, high anxiety

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22
Q

Optimism (Carver & Scheier)

A

believing that good things will happen not bad
relies on fate, chance, powerful others
measuring optimism= LOT-R
assesses positive & negative experiences

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23
Q

Optimism Learned (Seligman et al.,)

A

attributions of both positive and negative events
measuring optimism-attributional style questionnaire, rate causal explanations of each event
Problem of personal responsibility-removed internal vs external

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24
Q

Learned Optimists Attributions

A

external- other ppl/environment produce bad outcomes
variable- not likely to happen again
specific- just in this one area

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25
Pessimists Attributions
internal- overemphasize role of self stable- likely to happen again global-generalize to other areas
26
Benefits Learned Optimists
more playful better problem-solvers use more approach-oriented coping "I will start studying for bio test a week in advance"
27
Benefits Pessimists
more avoidant use more detail-oriented coping "I do not care about bio, so ne need to study"
28
Hope & Optimism
both focus on future, chance to change/improve things, beneficial for our mental health
29
General Definition of Hope
believing that you can make good things happen in your life and for yourself relies on: primarily yourself
30
Snyder's Hope
goal directed thinking w/ pathways thinking-perceived capacity to find routes to desired goals agency thinking-require motivations to use those routes
31
Characteristics of Hope Goals
must have value to person short or long term easy to difficult approach or preventative
32
Pathways
produce alternate routes when blocked "Maybe I can do it this way" positive self-talk
33
Agency
energetic self-talk (pep talk) "I will keep going"
34
Measuring Hope- 4 ways
Hope scale(adults)- trait measure Children's Hope Scale- ages 8-16 State Hope Scale(adults)- here & now goal directed thinking, can change due to circumstances Domain-Specific Hope Scales(adults)- goal directed thinking in specific areas
35
Outcomes of Hope (mostly kids)
better academic performance better sports performance better healthy behaviors kids w/ Type 1 Diabetes=check blood sugar regularly
36
Outcomes of Optimism (Adults)
better academic performance better sports performance better adult physical health more effective coping w/ stressors greater satisfaction in relationships less vulnerable to depression
37
What is Prosocial Behavior
voluntary actions intention to help/benefit others accidentally helping someone is not prosocial behavior
38
Kin Altrusism
evolutionary theory target-genetic relatives goal-survival of genetic material
39
Mutualism
evolutionary theory target-members of community or team goal-common interests/goals
40
Reciprocal Altruism
evolutionary theory target-people who can help you goal-I help you, you help me
41
Competitive Altruism
evolutionary theory target-anyone but in pre scene of rivals goal- status and power, diminish others (wing of hospital, selling chocolates)
42
Psychological Motives for Altruism
egoism-motivated: behavior benefits me (I can't live with myself if I don't stop) empathy-motivated: reduce someone else's needs can have both
43
Benefits to Giver (altruisms)
better physical health in older Americans research lower risk of death promotive effect- direct effect high altruism = low death protective effect- decreases potency of risk factor, high stress lead to increased death after 5years
44
Older adults whose spouses died prosocial behavior
giving instrumental prosocial behavior w/in 6mos associated w/ low depressive symptoms @ 12mos even when pre-death burden was high receiving social support w/in 6mos- not related to 12 mo depressive symptoms
45
Why are there positive benefits to the giver
builds positive emotions (Broaden & Build) downstream effects of positive emotions decreased activation of inflammation genes bolstered immunity responses lowered blood pressure not everyone has same benefits (possible moderators= personal values)
46
Who might benefit from engaging in prosocial behavior?
when motives empathetic & altruistic when behavior is voluntary when you believe you can/will make a difference
47
Who is more likely to be prosocial?
none of the differences big older ppl more than younger ppl religiously identified more than those who aren't women more than men when behaviors: altruistic, emotionally charged, when asked, in emergencies men more than women when behaviors are : public
48
Who is less likely to be prosocial?
High narcissism ppl (self-centered) High machiavellianism (manipulative, my ends justify my means) High psychopathy (lack of empathy, I get what I want & don't care abt consequences)
49
Circumstances Promoting Prosocial Behavior
when we are stressed (Taylor's Tend & Befriend= strengthen relationships to lower distress) when experiencing positive emotions when experiencing moral elevation (Others inspire us)
50
Job Crafting
how do I shape job into what is important to me to be satisfied/happy
51
Job Definition
focus on financial rewards & necessity rather than pleasure or fulfillment, not major positive part of life
52
Career Definition
focus on advancement
53
Calling Definition
focus on enjoyment of fulfilling, socially useful work
54
Perceiving a Calling
identifying what you are called to do
55
Living a Calling
actually doing the work may not have access to the opportunities to do our calling
56
Person-Enviornment Fit
interests skills values strengths high job satisfaction= purpose/meaning
57
Work can be a positive force in our lives
during employment= better subjective physical health better mental health more satisfaction w/ life more marital and family satisfaction during unemployment worse physical & psych WB when reemployed improve physical and psych WB
58
Spill-over Effects
more positive role spill-over with high extraversion agreeableness conscientiousness openness to new exp. some effects can be bad
59
CARE work
tasks directly involve care in service to others i.e taking care of children, parents, etc some paid some not (usually low wages, poor work conditions)
60
OECD Data for Care Work
disproportionately done by women almost twice as much hrs spent than men across several countries U.S a little better but still bad
61
USA (2018) Data for Care Work
older age groups 45-54, 55-61, 62 & older= less discrepancy between men and women as far as care work goes

Positive Psychology (2 decks)

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