Exam 3 Flashcards
anaerobic
without oxygen
Fermentation
A form of anaerobic respiration that produces incompletely broken down carbon skeletons, such as lactic acid and alcohol
Oxygen Absence
In the absence of oxygen, the reduced form of NAD+ (NADH + H+) accumulates and becomes a cellular toxin
aerobic
with oxygen
Pyruvate Oxidation
In the presence of oxygen, the reduced form of NAD+ (NADH + H+) can be converted back into the oxidized form
dark cycle
carbon reduction phase
carbon fixation in dark cycle
RuBisCo converts inorganic carbon dioxide into organic molecules
respiratory chain
The respiratory chain, also known as the electron transport chain (ETC) and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells.
eukaryotic respiratory chain
found in the mitochondria
prokaryotic respiratory chain
found in inner cell membrane
oxidation
loss of hydrogen atoms
reduction
gain of hydrogen atoms
Metabolic Pathways
Glucose utilization, serving as interchanges for diverse biochemical traffic
Fuel Depletion and Health
When inadequate fuel molecules are available, the body utilizes stored glycogen, fats, and proteins
Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation
All molecules absorb electromagnetic radiation, but they differ in the specific wavelengths absorbed. Molecules that absorb wavelengths in the visible range are called pigments.