Exam 3 Flashcards
Color is related to
wavelength and frequency
temperature is related to
energy
quantum
fixed quantity fo energy
ground state
when atom is in its lowest energy state
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
It is not possible to know both the position and momentum of a moving particle at the same time
Principal Quantum Number
(n) relative size of the orbital and relative distance from the nucleus; describes overall energy
Angular Momentum Quantum Number
(l) indicates the shape of the orbital; defines subshells or sublevels
Magnetic Quantum Number
(ml) indicates the spatial orientation of the orbital
Electron Spin Quantum Number
(ms) electrons going in opposite directions
Pauli Exclusion Principle
no two electron in the same atom can have the same four quantum numbers; each orbital may have 2 electrons with opposing spins
Aufbau Principle
electrons are always placed in the lowest energy sublevel available
Hund’s rule
when orbitals of equal energy are available, the lowest energy electron configuration has the maximum number of unpaired electrons with parallel spins
exceptions to expected electron configurations in period 4
Cr, Cu; will have half or fully filled d orbital and only 1 in the 4s
inner core electrons
those held in common with previous noble gas and any completed transition series
outer electrons
those in the highest energy level
valence electrons
involved in forming compounds
octet rule
when atoms bond, they lose, gain, or share electrons to attain a filled outer level of 9 electrons (or 2 for H and Li)
Where is hydrogen on the electronegativity scale?
Between B and C; why we think of C-H bonds as nonpolar
Which elements can never be central atoms and only have one bond?
H, F
bond order
the number of electron pairs being shared by a given pair of atoms
bond energy
energy needed to overcome the attraction between the nuclei and the shared electrons; (stronger bond= higher bond energy)
bond length
distance between nuclei of the bonded atoms; (longer the bond, weaker the bond)
resonance structures
have the same relative placement of atoms but different locations of bonding and lone electron pairs
What do resonance structures often have due to partial bonding?
fractional bond orders; number of shared electron pairs/ number of atoms central atom is bonded to
sigma bond
the first bond between two atoms involving single overlap of atomic orbitals
pi bond
the second or third bond between two atoms involving additional overlap of atomic orbitals
