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BSCI160 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

all members have the potential to interbreed under natural conditions and produce viable, fertile offspring.

some hybridization is okay, as long as it doesn’t occur naturally enough to overwhelm the boundary

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2
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Classifies organisms based on observable phenotypic traits

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3
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

species as an irreducible group whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits

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4
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

a species is a set of organisms adapted to a particular niche

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5
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

prevent formation of a zygote or fertilized egg

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6
Q

Prezygotic barrier: Habitat Isolation

A

may occupy the same range and be potentially able to hybridize, but prefer different habitats so never (or rarely) mate

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7
Q

Prezygotic barrier: Temporal Isolation

A

may potentially interbreed, but are ready at different times

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8
Q

Prezygotic barrier: Behavioral Isolation

A

species may encounter each other but do not mate because of differences in courtship behavior or other behaviors

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9
Q

Prezygotic barrier: Mechanical Isolation

A

lock and key…physical barriers that prevent mating (such as genitalia)

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10
Q

Prezygotic barrier: Gametic Isolation

A

gametes do not recognize each other due to different receptors

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11
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

prevent development of viable or fertile offspring

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12
Q

Reduced Hybrid Viability

A

hybrid offspring don’t develop or don’t survive as well

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13
Q

Example of hybrid infertility

A

tigon, mules

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14
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

1st generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate the second generation hybrids are sterile or weak

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15
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

geographic barrier –> reproductive isolation –> speciation

when biological populations become geographically isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with gene flow

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16
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

gene flow is restricted from something other than a geographic barrier, resulting in reproductive isolation

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17
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution of groups larger than an individual species

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18
Q

Gradualism (Anagenesis)

A

species continue to exist and survive as an interbreeding population…no branching or splitting into separate species (gradual, slow, constant change)

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19
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium (Cladogenesis)

A

the formation of a new group of organisms or higher taxon by evolutionary divergence from an ancestral form

emphasizes periods of stasis interspersed with periods of rapid change

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20
Q

Stasis

A

long periods of subtle evolutionary change

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21
Q

Causes of Stasis

A

stabilizing selection keeping the species from changing; variable directional selection that keeps the species fluctuating around a mean; genetic/developmental constraints

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22
Q

Mosaic Evolution

A

in monotremes: the evolutionary change of different adaptive components of the phenotype of an organism at different times or at different rates in an evolutionary sequence

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23
Q

Rapid change

A

origin of new species and characteristics of a time period that is short relative to the period of stasis

does not say that speciation is instantaneous, just too quick to capture in fossil record

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24
Q

Causes of rapid change

A

environmental change (cambrain explosion); ecological opportunity

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25
Q

6 origins of evolutionary novelty

A

Exaptation, duplication, serial homology, heterchrony, lateral gene transfer, homeotic genes and pattern formation

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26
Q

Exaptation

A

evolution is a tinkerer…a shift in the function of a trait during evolution

flowers are modified leaves

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27
Q

Duplication

A

evolution of genes with novel functions: duplicated genes can evolve different novel functions

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28
Q

Serial Homology

A

When two or more organs or structures are basically similar to each other in construction but are modified to perform different functions

arthropod limbs

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29
Q

Heterochrony

A

changes in developmental timing can radically alter the adult appearance of an organism

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30
Q

Lateral Gene Transfer

A

horizontal movement of individual genes, organelles or fragments of genomes from one lineage to another

happens a lot with bacteria

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31
Q

Homeotic genes and pattern formation

A

simple developmental/genetic changes can have major effects

flowers/arthropod appendages

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32
Q

3 types of Prokaryotes

A

Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria

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33
Q

Prokaryotes

A

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles

-no nuclear envelope around genetic material
-no membrane bound organelles (only have ribosomes)
-circular DNA, with relatively few genes in plasmids
-no mitosis/meioisis…binary fission!

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34
Q

Parts of Prokaryote Genome

A

Chromosome
Plasmids…facilitate lateral gene transfer

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35
Q

Mechanisms of Lateral/Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Transduction: genes via virus infection
Conjugation: plasmids from live bacteria
Transformation: genes from environment, such as dead bacteria/archaea

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36
Q

Photoautotroph

A

energy from light, carbon from CO2
plants

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37
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

energy from inorganic, carbon from CO2
some prokaryotes

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38
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

energy from light, carbon from organic compounds
some prokaryotes…non sulfur bacteria

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39
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

energy and carbon from organic compounds
humans

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40
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

sugar + O2 –> ATP + CO2

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41
Q

Endosymbiosis Theory

A

Eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes living inside each other

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42
Q

What are the evidences of Endosymbiosis?

A

-Similar types of endosymbiosis: protists inside each other and protists inside animals
-Size: mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size to prokaryotes
-Similar membranes: membranes of prokaryotes and memberanes of mitochondria/chloroplasts have similar properties (enzymes, transport system)
-Mode of replication: mitochondria/chloroplast reproduction is similar to binary fission
-Mitochondrial and chloroplast genome resembles prokaryote genome: simple genome with circular DNA
-Mitochondria and chloroplast transcription: have their own ribosomes and coding seqeunces similar to bacteria

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43
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

A heterotrophic protist engulfed an algal containing plastids (eukaryote taking in another eukaryote)

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44
Q

Binary Fission

A

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies. An organism duplicates its DNA, and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA

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45
Q

Mitochondria evolved from

A

proteobacteria

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46
Q

Chloroplasts evolved from

A

cyanobacteria

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47
Q

Eukaryote

A

an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus

48
Q

Analogous trait

A

similarities (same function) that are independently evolved

49
Q

Homologous trait

A

shared derived trait

50
Q

Monophyletic

A

single origin…an ancestral species and all the descendant species grouped together

51
Q

Polyphyletic

A

convergent similarity

52
Q

Paraphyletic

A

single origin: ancestral species but includes only some of the decendents

53
Q

Synamorphy

A

shared derived trait

54
Q

Parsimony

A

the cladogram requiring the fewest evolutionary changes is usually preferred

55
Q

Closest relative of modern plants

A

green algae

56
Q

closest relative to land plants

A

charophyceans

57
Q

Peripatric Speciation

A

a small group breaks off from the larger group and forms a species as a result of physical barriers

58
Q

Parapatric Speciation

A

a species is spread out over a large area, so mating is restricted to a smaller vicinity

59
Q

Advantages of plants moving to land

A

-More sun
-more carbon dioxide
-more nutrients

60
Q

Disadvantages of plants moving to land

A

-Waterloss/drying out
-reproduction

61
Q

Land plant adaptations

A

-cuticle…waxy covering to prevent water loss
-vascular tissue…tubes that transport materials up and down the plant, containing xylem to move water and phloem to move sugars
-seeds…instead of spores, allow plants to reproduce without needing water and provide protection/food in a dry environment
-fruits/flowers…more effective reproduction through pollination, less inbreeding, more efficient seed dispersal

62
Q

Sporophyte

A

produces spores by meiosis (asexual)

63
Q

Gametophyte

A

produces gametes by mitosis (sexual)

64
Q

Reproduction of plants

A

alternation of generations between sporophyte and gametophyte

65
Q

examples of nonvascular plants

A

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

66
Q

Types of vascular plants

A

Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

67
Q

-seedless vascular plants
-leaves arose
-fragile gametophyte stage
-relies on water for reproduction
-sporophyte is the dominant generation in life cycle

A

Ferns

68
Q

-no ovaries
-evolution fo seeds
-reduction of the gametophyte
-primarily relies on wind pollination

A

Gymnosperms

69
Q

-large sporophytes and tiny gametophytes
-flowers
-seeds
-fruits

A

Angiosperms

70
Q

Metazoans

A

Animals

71
Q

Eumetazoa

A

true tissue animals
gastrulation, nervous system, synapses, radial symmetry

72
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges

no true tissues, no symmetry, hermaphrodites, asexual, adults sessile, larvae motile, spicules, filter feeders

73
Q

Cnidarians

A

Jellyfish, sea anemone, coral

radial symmetry, diploblastic, polyp and medusa, eumetazoa (but only two tissue layers), aseuxal (budding) and sexual, gastrulation, nematocysts (stinging organelles)

74
Q

Diploblastic

A

ectoderm and endoderm but no mesoderm

75
Q

Gastrulation

A

creates ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells, a blastula, and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula

Zygote —> cleavage (mitosis) —> blastula —> gastrula

76
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

Around 530 million years ago, a wide variety of animals burst onto the evolutionary scene…huge increase in diversity as a result of rising oxygen levels and oceanic calcium concentrations

77
Q

Bilaterians

A

-bilateral symmetry
-cephalization
-anterior and posterior
-directional movement
-triploblasty

78
Q

Cephalization

A

development of head and sense organs in the front

79
Q

Triploblasty

A

ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

forms muscle and supports organs

80
Q

Coelomates

A

animals with body cavity that develops within the mesoderm

more control over movements of fluids in body cavity, better support of organs, better digestion

81
Q

Protostomes

A

blastopore becomes the mouth

82
Q

Types of Protostomes

A

Lopotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

83
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

lophophore feeding structure
flatworms, segmented worms/annelids, mollusca

84
Q

Segmentation

A

convergent evolution (annelids, arthropods, and cordates)

can operate segments independently…facilitates specialization of different body regions

85
Q

Mollusca

A

-radula…feeding organ
-muscular foot, mantle, visceral mass
open circulatory system

86
Q

Ecydysozoa

A

Roundworms, Arthropods

87
Q

Roundworms

A

nematoda
pseudocoelomate
often parasitic
decomposers in soil

88
Q

Arthropods

A

-jointed appendages
-regional segmentation
-exoskeleton
-open circulatory system
-trilobites, chelicerates, millipedes and centipedes, crustaceans, insects

89
Q

Deuterostomes

A

blastopore becomces anus

90
Q

Types of Deuterostromes

A

Echinoderms and Cordates

91
Q

Echinoderms

A

Starfish

body symmetry differs in adult and larval (larvae bilateral)
pentaradial symmetry
water vascular system with tube feet

92
Q

Cordate Characteristics

A

-Notocord
-Pharyngeal gill slits
-Dorsal hollow nerve cord
-Muscular, post-anal tail

93
Q

Derived Traits of Primates

A

-large brain, short jaw
-forward-looking eyes close together
complex social behavior/parental care
fully opposable thumb

94
Q

DNA methods

A

-sequence the same stretch of DNA in different species
-determine differences in nucleotide sequences between species

95
Q

How much neanderthal DNA do we have

A

1-4%…only if ancestry outside of Africa

96
Q

Bipedalism

A

ability to walk on two feet

97
Q

Out of Africa (Monogenesis or replacement hypothesis)

A

Suggests recent common ancestor of Homo sapiens probably in Africa…modern humans dispersed from Africa displacing other hominins

98
Q

What are humans

A

anthropoid primates, homo sapiens

99
Q

Invertebrate Chordates

A

Tunicates (sea squirts): sessile adults

Lancelets: notochord persists throughout life, live in shallow marine and brackish water, filter prey from water with pharyngeal basket

100
Q

Vertebrate characteristics

A

-jointed skeleton
-extreme cephalization
-great sense organs
-closed circulatory system
-internal organs suspended in coelom

101
Q

Craniates

A

neural crest cells
more active than lancelets and tunicates
jawless fish (hagfish, lamprey)

102
Q

Jawless vertebrates

A

Jawless fish, Agnathans (hagfish, lamprey)

103
Q

Gnathostomata

A

jawed vertebrate

104
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Sharks and rays
cartilaginous fish

105
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish
-ossified skeleton
-gills covered by operculum
-swim bladder

-ray finned fish
-lobe finned fish
-lungfish

106
Q

Tetrapoda

A

Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals

-jointed appendages

107
Q

Amphibians

A

salamanders, frogs, caecilians

eggs lack shell and must stay moist

108
Q

Amniotes

A

reptiles, birds, and mammals

109
Q

Amniotic egg

A

-protection of embryo from environment
-storage of wastes
-gas exchange
-yolk sac

110
Q

Archosaurs

A

birds and crocodilians

111
Q

High metabolic rate in archosaurs and mammals

A

(convergent)
-high body temp
-efficient locomotion
-efficient respiration
-homeothermic
-four chamber heart

112
Q

Birds

A

flight with feathers and wings
honeycombed bones
complex courtship

113
Q

Mammals

A

-platypus and echidna lay eggs
-hair
-lactation
-three-bone middle ear
-sweat glands

114
Q

3 Groups of Mammals

A

Monotremes…egg laying
Marsupials…pouches
Eutherian…placental

115
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

new niches open up (due to the removal of old organisms or new areas opening up)

BSCI160 (3 decks)

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