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BSCI160 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Species Constant

A

Greek Philosophers:
Variations are overlooked, species are varying degrees of imperfect, with humans generally being regarded as closest to perfection.

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2
Q

Natural Theology

A

William Paley: Designer’s (god’s) plan is revealed through nature. Adaptations are on purpose and species are constant.

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3
Q

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

Lamarck: Characteristics developed through an organism’s lifetime are inherited by that organism’s offspring. “Long necked giraffes”

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4
Q

Catastrophism

A

George Cuvier: Posited extinction for the first time. Species could be lost by local catastrophes (backed up by fossil record). Importantly, Cuvier still saw no evidence of change over time.

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5
Q

Gradualism

A

James Hutton: Old earth theory and founder of geology. Positioned that changes in life could occur over very long periods of time.

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6
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell: Expanded on Hutton’s old earth model, positioned that the mechanisms of change were constant and slow.

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7
Q

Struggle to exist

A

Thomas Malthus: Struggle to exist in terms of economy (kind of a racist and classist guy - said poor people simply did not have the will to compete). Resources are not infinite and the struggle to exist increases as the number of individuals increases. This idea would eventually influence Darwin’s “survival of the fittest idea”.

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8
Q

variant forms of a gene

A

Allele

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9
Q

Multiplicative law

A

Chance of 2 or more events occurring together is product of their chance of occurring separately

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10
Q

Additive law

A

Chance of an event that can occur in 2 or more independent ways is sum of all individual chances

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11
Q

Complete Dominance

A

One (dominant) allele completely masks the (recessive) other from being expressed in the phenotype

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12
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed

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13
Q

Co-dominance

A

Both alleles at a gene locus are fully expressed in the phenotype

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14
Q

Pleiotropy

A

one gene may affect many traits

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15
Q

Epistasis

A

gene at one locus alters phenotype of gene at another locus

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16
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

one trait is affected by many genes

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17
Q

discrete unit of DNA or RNA that influences hereditary traits

A

Gene

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18
Q

very long DNA molecules packed together with proteins

A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

the location of a gene on a chromosome

A

locus

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20
Q

number of distinct types of chromosomes in a cell

A

n

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21
Q

number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell

A

ploidy (xn)…2n = diploid

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22
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

paired chromosomes with genes in same locations

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23
Q

DNA in the cell is copied resulting in two identical full sets of chromosomes

A

Interphase

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24
Q

Chromosomes condense and move towards the middle of the cell. Crossing over occurs.

A

Prophase I

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25
Q

chromosomes, align in the equator of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells

A

Metaphase I

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26
Q

full chromosomes are pulled to each pole (homologous chromosomes are separated)

A

Anaphase I

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27
Q

the chromosomes are enclosed in nuclei

A

Telophase I

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28
Q

the cytoplasm organizes itself and divides in two, creating two haploid cells

A

Cytokinesis

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29
Q

The DNA has already been replicated, so this part isn’t real

A

Interphase II

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30
Q

the centromeres of the paired chromatids align along the equatorial plate in both cells

A

Metaphase II

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31
Q

the chromatids split at the centromere and migrate along the spindle fibers to opposite poles

A

Anaphase II

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32
Q

the chromosomes gather at the 2 poles of the cell and the cell divides via cytokinesis forming 2 daughter cells (1n 1c) from each of the two cells from meiosis 1 (this isn’t meiosis 1 lol)

A

Telophase II

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33
Q

Law of Segregation

A

pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells…during gamete formation, each gamete receives just one copy of each gene which is randomly selected

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34
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

genes are inherited independently of one another…they line up randomly in metaphase, so they’re split into gametes randomly, allowing genetic variation

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35
Q

Crossing Over

A

Exchange of genetic information between non-sister chromatids

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36
Q

Random fertilization

A

during sexual reproduction, the male gamete and female gamete that fuse to produce an offspring are randomly selected from the poll of male and female gametes…genes have equal chance of being passed down

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37
Q

Darwinian Fitness

A

capacity to pass on genes to reproducing offspring

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38
Q

the change in a phenotype or genotype of a population in one direction away from the mean in a particular environment over time…most common phenotypic expression moves closer to one of the ends of the phenotypic spectrum

A

Directional Selection

39
Q

type of natural selection where genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value…mean becomes even more frequent

A

Stabilizing Selection

40
Q

form of natural selection occurring in a population where extreme traits are favored over intermediate traits

A

Disruptive Selection

41
Q

form of natural selection when the fitnesses of genotypes within a population respond differently to changes in total population size or density…fluctuates between two states

A

Density Dependent Selection

42
Q

Assortative Mating

A

Non-random mating where individuals of one sex preferentially mate with individuals of the opposite sex

43
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

two parents giving rise to genetically unique offspring through the fusion of gametes produced by meiosis

44
Q

having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals

A

Dioecious

45
Q

Reasons Sex is Bad

A

Inefficient, Costly, Risky for Survival

46
Q

asexual when conditions are good and sexual during times of stress

A

Facultative Asexual Reproducers

47
Q

Asexual reproduction in which a female can produce an embryo without fertilizing an egg with sperm

A

Parthenogenesis

48
Q

Why are Bdelloid rotifers unique?

A

They have been asexual reproducers for millions of years, yet have evolved

49
Q

Protandrous hermaphrodite

A

animal that are born male and at some point in their lifespan change sex to female

50
Q

Protogynous hermaphrodites

A

animals that are born female and at some point in their lifespan change sex to male

51
Q

The Tangled Bank Hypothesis

A

Sex evolved in order to prepare offspring for the world around them and provides genetic variability in offspring

52
Q

The Red Queen Hypothesis

A

Sex provides varied offspring and allows more rapid evolution

53
Q

Advantages of Sex

A

Generates variability among offspring; diverse offspring provides challenges to competitors, predators, and parasites; diversity allows for niche differentiation; survival chances increased

54
Q

Why are females choosy?

A

Mating is a larger investment…eggs relatively expensive, pregnancy

55
Q

Intersexual selection

A

female choice…males often bear colorations or ornaments…often occurs when males cant monopolize access to females

56
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

male control…males monopolize access to females or stake claim of territory

57
Q

Methods of male controlled sexual selection

A

Sperm production, removal of competitor sperm, copulatory plugs, mate guarding, traumatic insemination, infanticide

58
Q

The Sexy Son Hypothesis

A

females mate with sexy males (good genetics) to produce sexy sons and daughters that will find these traits sexy

59
Q

Runaway selection

A

If male preferences have a genetic basis, the advantage is passed on to a female’s son (related to sexy son hypothesis)

60
Q

Good Genes Hypothesis

A

ability to produce and maintain elaborate ornamentation indicates good genes (Handicap Hypothesis, Parasite Hypothesis, and Developmental Stability)

61
Q

Handicap Hypothesis

A

ability to survive despite costly advertisements indicates good genes

62
Q

Parasite Hypothesis

A

parasites reduce the ability to produce displays, so males that can produce and maintain elaborate displays must be resistant to parasites

63
Q

Developmental Stability

A

developmental stress causes asymmetry…advertisements that are large and symmetrical imply resistance to developmental stress

64
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

65
Q

homozygous dominant alleles

A

p

66
Q

homozygous recessive alleles

A

q

67
Q

All the individual alleles in a population for a given locus

A

gene pool

68
Q

When is a population in equilibrium (non-evolving)?

A

Infinitely large population, no mutation, random mating, isolated from other populations, all individuals survive and reproduce equally

69
Q

polymorphisms develop when the fitness of heterozygotes is higher than the fitness of both homozygotes in a given population…heterozygotes have higher fitness

A

Heterozygote Advantage

70
Q

a random change in genetic code

A

mutation

71
Q

What do pathogens do to survive?

A

Reproduce and DIsperse to new hosts (transmission)

72
Q

organism that functions as a carrier of an infectious agent between organisms of a different species

A

vector

73
Q

ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease

A

virulence

74
Q

a mechanism of evolution that leads to a match between organism and environment

A

Natural selection

75
Q

Mechanisms for Evolution

A

Natural Selection, Mutation, Genetic Drift, Migration, non-random mating

76
Q

Heritable features of an organism that can vary

A

Character

77
Q

The version of a character inherited by an organism

A

Trait

78
Q

the genetic identity of the two alleles possessed by an organism

A

Genotype

79
Q

the trait expressed as a result of genotype

A

Phenotype

80
Q

the gene is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex chromosomes

A

autosomal

81
Q

a parent’s experience in the form of epigenetic tags can be passed down to future generations

A

epigenetic inheritance

82
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

parents pass discrete heritable traits that are able to retain separate identities in offspring and are passed through generations in an undiluted form…genes keep their unique identities and will not blend together so the combination of genes determines which genes are expressed or not

83
Q

Recombination

A

during crossing over genes are shuffled between homologous pairs

84
Q

Linkage

A

the closer two genes are together on the chromosome, the higher the likelihood that they will cross over together during meiosis

85
Q

DNA change that results in different amino acids (wrong amino acid) being encoded at a particular position in the resulting protein…can alter the function of the resulting protein

A

Missense Mutation

86
Q

DNA change that causes a protein to terminate or end its translation earlier than expected

A

Nonsense Mutation

87
Q

DNA change within a protein-coding portion of a gene that does not affect the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein because the change is a synonym for the same amino acid

A

Silent mutation

88
Q

Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide

A

Frameshift

89
Q

two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population of organisms because individuals carrying both versions are better able to survive than those who have two copies of either version alone

A

Balanced polymorphism

90
Q

structures that lost their use through evolution

A

vestigial structure

91
Q

one copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the original chromosome by a single centromere

A

chromatid

92
Q

Epigenome

A

Genome is all the genetic material in an organism. Epigenome is the chemical compounds that tell the genome what to do

93
Q

Genomic Imprinting

A

only one copy of a gene is expressed and the other is silenced

94
Q

Epigenetic imprinting

A

inheritance of traits from one generation to the next based on their experiences that permanently affect the genome

BSCI160 (3 decks)

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