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personality > exam #3 > Flashcards

exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

what does “the dress” show and can potentially be influenced by

A

we all have differences in perception; morningness vs eveningness

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2
Q

personality processes definition

A

-interaction between different parts of the mind as they relate to personality
-tendencies to think, feel, and behave in certain ways

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3
Q

what three things interact to produce personality

A

cognitive, motivational/ emotional, and environmental factors

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4
Q

two different bases of personality processes

A

-trait based
-psychodynamic processes (motivation and emotion rooted); unique to the person or not

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5
Q

cognitive perspective

A

-formation, maintenance, and influence of mental representations we form on personality
-idea that personality reflects how we process info about ourselves, others, and world

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6
Q

Allport and cognitive perspective

A

“for some the world is a hostile place where men are evil and dangerous; for others it is a stage for fun and frolic”

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7
Q

personality processes diagram

A

person
| |-motivation
perceive->evaluation->emotion->behavior

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8
Q

George Kelly’s theory

A

-personal constructs: make up personality) loaded
-people as scientists: what the world is like, what’s gonna happen, etc
-Cf working models
-conscious and non conscious: both affectively (emotionally) loaded

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9
Q

George Kelly’s personal constructs meaning

A

bipolar: good/bad, trustworthy/not

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10
Q

Cf working models

A

-representations, schemas, etc
-we take in info about world and store it in a coded manner

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11
Q

how schemas/ constructs/ working models work

A

-representation is for doing
-info filter: bias what we take in and think is important to pay attention to
-basis for decision making
-activation guides behavior

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12
Q

Bargh and colleagues automaticity research, goals, issues

A

-people who are primed with “rude”, “impolite”, “obnoxious” more likely to interrupt
-goals: same results when consciously activated as when subliminally primed
(ex: “strive”,”succeed”-> persist longer on tasks, do better)
-low replication rates

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13
Q

rejection sensitivity

A

high rejection filter, more likely to fixate on negative feelings

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14
Q

hostile attribution bias

A

tendency to view others as hostile

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15
Q

defensive pessimism

A

expect worse so disappointment isn’t as bad and success is extra good

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16
Q

types of locus, meanings, example

A

-internal: put on self (I screwed up)
-external: put on others, chance, luck, etc (its their fault)

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17
Q

types of stability, meanings, example

A

-stable: persists over time, enduring (my relationships never work out)
-unstable: unique to one situation, temporary (we didn’t function well together)

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18
Q

types of globally, meanings, example

A

-global: influences all aspects of life (I’m hopeless in every aspect of my life)
-specific: influences one aspect (I’m not good at relationships but good at other things)

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19
Q

implicit association test

A

-measures reaction time: faster to respond to paired stimuli when they’re already paired internally
-nonconscious

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20
Q

attitudes vs associations

A

-attitudes: value judgment about something
-associations: degree of connection in mind between concepts

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21
Q

Epstein’s cognitive-experiential self theory two systems

A

rational and experiential systems

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22
Q

rational system

A

-analytic, logical
-directed by conscious appraisals
-abstract symbols, words, numbers, math, language
-slow, malleable
-effortful

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23
Q

experiential system

A

-holistic, affective
-“vibes”, based on past experience
-vivid images, metaphors, stories
-fast, resistant to change
-automatic

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24
Q

operational systems of cognition 2 parts

A

-motus: movement/ motion
-emotus: “stirred up”/ moved

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25
Q

Carver and Scheier’s model of self-regulation: reference value, comparator, etc

A

-reference value: motivation/ what we want to happen
-influences comparator: how things are going vs how we want them to go (ex thermometer, determines action based on set points/ goals)
-leads to behavior, impact on envt, perception

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26
Q

common themes of theories of what motivates us

A

sex, aggression, achievement, affiliation, autonomy, protection, exploration

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27
Q

motivational hierarchies

A

motive at top, goals under, sub-goals under, motor program under

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28
Q

motive

A

biologically based, mostly innate urge or tendency to behave in ways that bring about satisfaction

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29
Q

cybernetics and control systems

A

-cognition is motivated
-Carver and Scheier’s model of self regulation is a goal-oriented system

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30
Q

emotion

A

appraised fate of a goal or motive, and the ensuing multi component response

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31
Q

emotion system

A

top: affect regulation efforts; can lead to physiological changes
middle: external or internal events-appraisal of the event in relation to goals, concerns- appraisal-specific affect program or brain circuit :leads to physiological changes, expression, actions, tendencies, etc

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32
Q

motivation and emotion

A

emotions are feedback systems that regulate an organism’s behavior according to needs

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33
Q

overarching processes of emotion: offense vs defense

A

-offense: signs of threat/ punishment instigate processes devoted to protecting the self and cultivating feelings of security
-defense: signs of reward instigate processes devoted to accruing and sharing resources and maximizing pleasure

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34
Q

approach motives: basic, self, social, individual differences

A

-basic: eat, mate, explore
-self: achieve (C), master, learn (O), understand
-social: play, affiliate (E), care (A)

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35
Q

avoidance motives: basic, self, social, individual differences

A

-basic: defend, aggress (N)
-self: hubristic pride (narcissism), admiration from others, soothing worldviews
-social: attach (attachment style)

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36
Q

locus of control of personality process

A

-universal at general level
-stable across situations and time: suggests trait-like individual differences

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37
Q

attraction/ selection

A

we choose to enter certain environments

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38
Q

evocation

A

we produce reactions from others

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39
Q

manipulation

A

ways we try to want

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40
Q

ways personality interacts with the social envt

A

-attraction/ selection, evocation, manipulation
-cultural and subcultural influences (ex gender and sex roles)

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41
Q

selection and mating

A

-we say we care more about personality than health, intelligence, and physical attractiveness
-people say they prefer someone similar to us than different more often than they mate assortively
-suggests people don’t know what they want

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42
Q

similarity and marital quality

A

-positive associations for personality related domains but not for attitude related domains
-similarity on attachment characteristics were more strongly predictive of satisfaction

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43
Q

desirability of personality traits (big5) and relationship satisfaction

A

-partner with high A, C, ES, O related to satisfaction
-people in relationships with those w socially desirable traits are more likely to be satisfied

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44
Q

PEM/ positive emotionality traits and big 5

A

-confidence, enthusiasm, social warmth, well-being, zest
-extraversion

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45
Q

NEM/ negative emotionality traits and big 5

A

-threshold for neg emotions, such as anxiety, anger, fear
-neuroticism

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46
Q

CON/ constraint

A

-self-control, harm avoidance, endorsement of social norms

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47
Q

emotionality and constraint vs relationships

A

-negative emotionality seems more important in satisfaction than positive
-NEM influences both person and their partner
-higher neg emotion: less satisfaction and more abuse
-similar findings with different people

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48
Q

influence of parents on relationship satisfaction

A

moms indirectly influence it

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49
Q

Gottman’s four horsemen of the apocalypse

A

-experience and expression of emotion during ongoing couple interactions
-behaviors that communicate to the other person that you don’t respect them (ex eye rolling)

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50
Q

relationship schemas

A

ideals, expectations etc about one’s partner

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51
Q

attachment and relationship satisfaction big 5

A

N related to insecure attachment

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52
Q

dark triad

A

psychopathy, machiavelliani, narcissism

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53
Q

machiavellianism

A

-manipulative power seekers
-planning, alliance building, impression management

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54
Q

psychopathy

A

-callous and impulsive
-recklessness, thrill-seeking

55
Q

narcissism

A

-manipulative and callous, but
-grandiosity: thinking you’re better than everyone else
-masking concerns about inferiority
-high vulnerability
-fantasies of power, wealth
-require admiration

56
Q

parenting and the dark triad

A

-void to be filled
-under or over evaluation can lead to machiavellianism
-shocked when others don’t treat them that way

57
Q

shared envt influences

A

machiavellianism

58
Q

dark triad in workplace

A

step on others to get to top, but eventually fall from grace

59
Q

dark triad in education

A

psychopaths cheat and Machs plagiarize

60
Q

dark triad in relationships

A

short term mating “strategies” and feigning love to get sex

61
Q

dark triad in society

A

-xenophobic, social dominance (belief in natural, hierarchical difference between groups of people) oriented, ruthlessly ambitious
-bullying and criminality

62
Q

gender differences in dark triad

A

-tend to be men

63
Q

sex based personality dif example

A

men less likely to say they’re scared

64
Q

temperamental dif between boys and girls

A

-boys: more impulsive, active, aggressive
-girls: more fearful

65
Q

sex differences across big 5

A

-W: higher A across cultures and lifespan; higher N, more likely to receive mental health DO diagnosis; higher PA and E

66
Q

nature and nurture

A

hormones are related to psych

67
Q

gene-envt correlation big picture

A

-small initial differences can be self reinforcing
-avoiding certain situations can inc fear of them

68
Q

motivation and goal sex differences

A

-little motives differences
-goals differ more
-ex: women have stronger desire to have kids

69
Q

people vs things

A

-people: ex: education, health; profs pay less
-things: ex: finance, engineering; profs pay more

70
Q

sex dif of people vs things

A

-women more interested in people, men in things
-women aren’t valued as much
-materialism (eg fashion) more liked by women

71
Q

masculinity vs femininity personality and activities differences

A

-no big personality differences
-big dif in ways we spend our time

72
Q

life stories provide:

A

meaning, coherence, purpose, a sense of identity

73
Q

BPD criteria (9)

A

-avoid abandonment
-unstable relationships w idealization and devaluation
-identity disturbance
-impulsivity (ex excessive spending, reckless driving)
-suicidal behavior, gestures, thoughts, self harm
-intense episodic emotional instability
-chronic feelings of emptiness
-inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
-transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms

74
Q

N and BPD

A

extremely high

75
Q

BPD general facets

A

-instability of self concept, incoherence
-inability to maintain relationships may come from hindered sense of self
-lack of narrative coherence: sense of being rooted in self/ what your purpose is; causes or exacerbated the PD

76
Q

Pennebaker’s writing exercise

A

consistently write about traumatic event many days in a row

77
Q

mechanism of Pennebaker’s writing exercise

A

-little evidence for disinhibition or catharsis
-narrative is key: integrate trauma into life story, make sense of it in relation to identity, purpose, etc
-something positive about sitting w and trying to change neg feelings

78
Q

evolutionary origins of storytelling

A

-imagining yourself as the protagonist and overcoming all the dangers
-thinking of death (ex by animals, elements, starvation, disease, accidents) leads people to look for order and meaning in their past
-seeing others die and understanding it will happen to you makes you think about purpose of life and what happens after

79
Q

the whole person

A

-personality is about individual uniqueness, not just human nature and ind differences
-each story is unique, but probably fits a script (ex redemption, finding a path)

80
Q

function vs happiness in personality evolution

A

evolution doesn’t care about how happy we are, just reproduction

81
Q

personality as adaption

A

-was adaption for challenges ancestors face
-individual differences: adapting to caregiving strategies

82
Q

examples of personality as a solution or symptom: attachment and conscientiousness

A

-attachment: being brought up in strict envt-attachment anxiety and avoidance
-conscientiousness: if caregiver isn’t always there for you, cling, make noise, get them to notice you

83
Q

appraisals

A

we decide what things mean for our desires; cause physiological arousal and stress

84
Q

direct effect

A

unexplained by any other variables in the behavioral model

85
Q

Lodi-Smith and C, education, and health

A

-education only explained part of link of C and health
-C may cause: people follow health care guidance, go to dr more, take meds; more likely to think about things that happen to them in mindful ways

86
Q

coaching apps

A

can change personality, but have to want to and persist at it to actually change anything

87
Q

stress

A

-begins during appraisal
-extreme emotion
-conflict with goals
-unavoidable and can’t control

88
Q

acute stress

A

happens right after a traumatic event

89
Q

traumatic stress

A

experience dangerous or scary situation

90
Q

chronic stress

A

repeated, usually low levels of stress

91
Q

additive effects of stress

A

effect health and wellbeing

92
Q

primary vs secondary appraisal

A

-primary: threat to personal goals
-secondary: inadequate resources; can you do something to adjust to the stress

93
Q

attributional style

A

why did the stressor happen, is it global or specific, etc

94
Q

optimism

A

-results in less stress
-secondary appraisal

95
Q

emotion regulation

A

-reappraisal
-affect regulatory effects

96
Q

reappraisal

A

-think of neg event, what outcomes were, if you’re grateful for any part of it, if you’re better off, what did you learn, how did you grow

97
Q

how does personality impact physical health

A

behaviors, cognition, and emotion

98
Q

Paula

A

-motivations: wants to give all the care she can when she really needs the care herself; external locus of control
-“typical” female role of caregiver
-narrative: searching/ sense making
-motivational conflict: nurture and care
-boy stealing her car was reality check and makes her more confident in having baby
-trying to make sense of almost dying in accident and what her purpose is; trying to justify that she was “chosen” to survive
-angst is leading to her motives/ meaning and purpose

99
Q

difference between DSM 5 DOs and personality

A

-personality is relatively enduring
-personality defines DO as a change in individual’s ability to think, feel, their mood, or ability to relate to others

100
Q

relation between psychopathology and personality

A

-DO: (temporary) malfunctioning of personality systems
-ex: particular behavioral systems, motivation, emotion, cognition, self control, traits

101
Q

categories vs dimensions and what is used now

A

-categories: groups of characteristics that define a DO, trait, etc
-dimensions: spectrums of functioning (ex. emotion, cognitions)

102
Q

problem of comorbidity

A

-being diagnosed with 1 DO makes them more likely to fit criteria for other DOs
-broad treatment response: many DOs respond similarly to same treatment
-shared biological mechanisms of many DOs

103
Q

N and mental DOs

A

1 predictor of mental DO diagnosis

-having higher other big 5 traits may help ice you have low N

104
Q

loving and being loved on depression and anxiety

A

-absent: low self worth, depression
-strong need for being loved puts self-worth dependent on behaviors from caregivers

105
Q

process oriented perspectives

A

-cognition, motivation, emotion
-mismatch=neg emotions

106
Q

attributional style and DOs

A

depressive: blame self, etc -> leads to neg emotionality

107
Q

learned helplessness

A

knowing you can’t do anything to change your life so you stop trying

108
Q

society and culture and DOs

A

-depends on feeling safe or not
-marginalized groups prone to more mental health Dx

109
Q

attachment insecurity, dysfunctional attitudes, low SE

A

-if you feel like you need to always be perfect and loved, neg emotionality inc when you don’t meet your standards

110
Q

anxiety correlation w depression

A

.8

111
Q

Coda on the neurotic character

A

-fundamental psych processes of DOs are the same, outside factors random chance
-N can be precursor to personality, by effects are moderated by other traits, and N interacts with other traits, possibly leading to variance

112
Q

high extraversion

A

makes you and others happier

113
Q

poor emotion regulation and negative emotionality

A

-emotion is self perpetuating
-having neg emotions makes you feel like other things that happen to you are bad

114
Q

personality DOs vs other DOs

A

-personality DOs: the way the person is
-other: more episodic

115
Q

characteristics of PDs

A

-inflexible, long-standing, maladaptive, personality traits that cause functional impairment or subjective distress
-unusual
-cause problems for self or others
-most affect social relations
-stable over time
-basic part of who the person is

116
Q

cluster A

A

odd and eccentric

117
Q

cluster B

A

dramatic, emotional, erratic

118
Q

cluster C

A

anxious or fearful

119
Q

schizotypal PD

A

-cluster A
-odd and eccentric beliefs and behaviors
-distrust of others and authority, paranoia, strong indicator of belief in conspiracy theories
-resembles mild schizophrenia
-high N, low E, maybe too high O
-others: paranoid, schizoid

120
Q

histrionic PD

A

-cluster B
-drama queen: disproportionately expressive
-women usually diagnosed more
-high E, A, O, N

121
Q

narcissistic PD cluster and big 5

A

-cluster B
-high and unstable SE
-high N and C
-low A

122
Q

antisocial PD

A

-cluster B
-impulsive, risky, reckless, irresponsible; drugs, sex and crime; con artists
-low A and C
-psychopathy of dark triad

123
Q

BPD cluster and big 5

A

-cluster B
-very high N
-low A and C

124
Q

dependent PD

A

-cluster C
-submissive, passive, needy
-high attachment anxiety
-high N, A

125
Q

avoidant PD

A

-cluster C
-fear of rejection and humiliation leads to social withdrawal
-potential attachment avoidance
-high N
-low E

126
Q

obsessive-compulsive PD

A

-cluster C
-bound by rituals, rules, details, perfectionism, workaholism, inflexibility, pack-rat, miserly, inability to delegate, rigid and stubborn
-high C
-low O

127
Q

dif theories of abnormal Bx

A

-psychodynamic
-cognitive/behavioral (learning)
-medical/ biological
-biopsychosocial
-diathesis-stress: Do caused be vulnerability

128
Q

treatment and DOs

A

-Tx that works of one DO usually works for other DO

129
Q

social support and Tx

A

good to have high support around you

130
Q

exercise and lifestyle as Tx

A

-similar benefits to SSRIs
-hard to get motivation
-releases endorphins

131
Q

cognitive exercises as Tx for DOs

A

-ex: gratitude, mindfulness, expressive writing
-need to have a routine to get benefits

132
Q

Freud

A

neurotic symptom

133
Q
A

personality (3 decks)

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