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NUR 724 Chem&Phys > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

capacitance

A

the capacity to store electrical charge

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2
Q

3 mechanisms of electrical shock in the OR

A
  1. direct wire contact with metal casing due to insulation damage or faulty construction
  2. inductance due to the magnetic field of the AC, producing a small electrical flow in the surrounding metal casing despite no direct contact
  3. stray capacitance from the buildup of electrical potentials with an AC circuit despite no closed circuit electrical flow.
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3
Q

define DC circuit

A

direct current, flow of electrons in one direction

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4
Q

define AC circuit

A

alternating circuit, flow of electrons reverses direction @ set frequency (60 Hz)

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5
Q

what is the macroshock threshold for perception

A

1mA

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6
Q

what is the macroshock number for loss of consciousness

A

50mA

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7
Q

what is the macroshock number for vfib

A

100-300mA

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8
Q

what is the macroshock number for “let go” current

A

10-20mA

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9
Q

what is the microshock number for v-fib

A

100μA

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10
Q

what is a transformer used for

A

isolate electrical supply systems from one another using the principle of magnetic inductance to transfer electricity from one system to another system without having physical contact

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11
Q

magnetic inductance

A

the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change in the electric current flowing through it. The electric current produces a magnetic field around the conductor

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12
Q

why is the OR power supply ungrounded

A

to prevent shock if a person contacts one live wire
A person must contact both wires in a circuit for shock to occur as the path of electricity flows through the person from one line to the other

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13
Q

why is OR equipment casing grounded

A

to divert electrical flow in case of internal live wire contact with the metal housing

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14
Q

what is a line isolation monitor

A

device placed between the live wires and ground to measure their impedance to flow. Alarms if a live wire has contact or high capacitance to ground.

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15
Q

what to do is a line isolation monitor alarms

A

disconnect the last piece of equipment plugged in and inspect it to verify that it is the offending piece of equipment. May also be activated because of the cumulative effect of minor leakages of many pieces of properly functioning electrical equipment but no risk present.

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16
Q

what are line isolation monitors set to alarm at

A

2-5mA

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17
Q

what does placing a magnet over a pacer do

A

reset to a continuous asynchronous mode (DOO, AOO, VOO)

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18
Q

define photon

A

a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation. No mass

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19
Q

can EMR exist independently of matter

A

yes

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20
Q

how does EMR interact with matter (4)

A

reflected
refracted (scatter)
diffracted (redirected)
absorbed (interfered)

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21
Q

where do x-ray waves fall on the EMR spectrum

A

higher energy frequency

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22
Q

3 factors of safety for x-rays

A

distance from source
barrier
exposure time

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23
Q

minimum recommended distance from x-ray

A

6ft

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24
Q

what type of fire risk is a laser

A

ignition

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25
Q

what type of fire risk are drapes, dressings, and linens

A

fuel

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26
Q

steps to take if an airway fire occurs (7)

A

stop o2 flow
stop ventilation
extubate
extinguish fire
mask ventilate
reintubate
bronch, lavage steroids

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27
Q

define electricity

A

change in potential energy caused by the movement of electrons from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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28
Q

what is the SI unit for electric charge

A

coulomb

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29
Q

what is one coulomb

A

the amount of electric charge transported in one second by a steady current of one ampere

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30
Q

Coulomb’s law

A

opposites attract, likes repel, neutrals don’t interact with charges
closer the charges are, the stronger the force b/w them

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31
Q

Ohm’s law

A

V=I*R
V= voltage
I= current
R= resistance

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32
Q

what is voltage in Ohm’s law

A

electric potential
PE per unit charge
measured in volts

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33
Q

what is current in Ohm’s law

A

how much charge flowing past a point in circuit in 1 sec
Q/T
Q=charge
T=time
Measured in coulombs/sec or amperes

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34
Q

what is resistance in Ohm’s law

A

how much charge flow impeded
measured in ohm (Ω)

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35
Q

Coulomb’s law equation

A

force= +number repels
force= -number attract

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36
Q

what other physiologic equation is based on Ohm’s law

A

BP=COxSVR

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37
Q

YAG laser

A

shorter wavelength
greater ability to penetrate and destroy tissues

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38
Q

CO2 laser

A

longer wavelength
do not penetrate as deep into tissue and are more suitable for superficial lesions or airway surgeries

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39
Q

laser energy is in the form of

A

light

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40
Q

how is laser different from visible light (3)

A

monochromatic (one wavelength)
coherent (oscillate in the same phase and all protons move together)
collimated (narrow, parallel beam)

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41
Q

how to minimize o2 availability to prevent an OR fire

A

use minimum fio2 necessary
avoid nitrous oxide

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42
Q

how to manage fuels to prevent an OR fire (6)

A

use a laser resistant ET tube
protective wrapping of the ET tube
use a smaller diameter ET tube
add methylene blue and saline to ET cuff
make fuel objects wet with saline
use water based skin prep

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43
Q

what is electric potential

A

measures the potential push or force that drives electric charges through a circuit.

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44
Q

electric potential units

A

volts

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45
Q

example of electric potential in practice

A

EKG

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46
Q

define power

A

the rate at which energy is transported through an electrical circuit

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47
Q

power units

A

watts

48
Q

atoms are continuously energized by photons when their electrons are already in a higher electron orbit. The outcome is the production of photons that that are of the same frequency and direction

A

stimulated emission–how lasers work

49
Q

how do lasers work

A

they use a continual energizing of atoms in order to force photons that are of the same frequency and direction to be released which results in continuous production of monochromatic and unidirectional photons which can be directed into a laser beam.

50
Q

what organs are most susceptible to thermal damage caused by lasers

A

eyes- retinal damage-> vision impairment, blindness
skin- thermal burns and tissue damage

51
Q

how to prevent eye trauma from lasers

A

goggles
saline-covered gauze pads
tape eyes

52
Q

how is radiotherapy effective in killing or reducing cancer cells

A

damages the cancer cells DNA, RNA and proteins that regulate vital cellular processes

53
Q

2 risks of radiotherapy

A

production of new cancer cells
VTE

54
Q

why is desflurane heated and pressurized?

A

Des has a high vapor pressure (660) and low boiling point
Must be pressurized to keep from boiling which would result in fatal doses administered to patients.
As molecules enter the vapor phase from liquid, they take heat with them, leaving the liquid with less heat energy than before. This would halt all transformation from liquid to gas which would result in administering little to no anesthetic gas to the patient.

55
Q

Boyle’s law and equation

A

the pressure inside the bottle increases when the size of the container decreases at the same rate for any gas
P1xV1=P2xV2

56
Q

Charles law

A

as temp increases, volume increases
particles move away from each other

57
Q

Avogadro’s law

A

as number of gas particles added to a container is increased, the volume will also increase

58
Q

Dalton’s law

A

partial pressure law

59
Q

mole fraction

A

ratio of the moles of a substance in relation to total moles present

60
Q

Pa (partial pressure)=

A

Xa*Pt
Xa=mole fraction
Pt=total pressure

61
Q

Henry’s law

A

p=kc
p=pressure
k=constant
c=concentration

62
Q

define vapor pressure

A

pressure exerted by a vapor on the walls of its container when in thermodynamic equilibrium, innate to every chemical

63
Q

what would happen if you put sevo in an iso vaporizer

A

iso more readily enter vapor form than sevo, would underdose the patient

64
Q

sevo vapor pressure

A

137

65
Q

iso vapor pressure

A

238

66
Q

what would happen if you put iso in a sevo vaporizer

A

iso more readily enter vapor form than sevo, would overdose the patient

67
Q

des vapor pressure

A

660

68
Q

what is des pressurized at

A

2atm

69
Q

define second gas effect

A

coadministration of N2O and volatile anesthetic
N2O moves into blood faster than components of RA
as N2O diffuses from alveoli to the blood, the pressure within the alveoli drops, leaving a larger pressure gradient between vaporizer and alveoli, allowing larger influx of volatile anesthetic faster

70
Q

define concentration effect

A

N2O leaving the alveoli results in increased percentage of volatile anesthetic

71
Q

Gay-Lussac’s law

A

P1/T1=P2/T2
at constant volume the pressure of a gas varies directly with the absolute temperature

72
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A
73
Q

is N2O a liquid or gas at room temp

A

liquid

74
Q

how much is in an ecylinder of o2

A

660L
2200 PSI

75
Q

if you have an o2 cylinder with a psi of 1100 and you are running the o2 @3LPM, how long will it last

A

110min

76
Q

how much is in an ecylinder of N2O

A

750psi
1600L

77
Q

what is the minimum number of liters of N2O to have a 750psi

A

250

78
Q

how much N2O do you have in a 12kg tank with an 8.8kg tare weight and a molecular weight of 44g/mol

A

[(12,000g-8,800g)/44g/mol]* 22.7L/mol=1650L

79
Q

define enthalpy

A

heat content
joules

80
Q

heat of fusion and vaporization

A

heat being used to break bonds to bring molecules to a higher energy state

81
Q

what does MAC stand for

A

minimum alveolar concentration

82
Q

MAC of sevo

A

1.8%

83
Q

MAC of des

A

6%

84
Q

high EMG frequency results in ____ energy

A

high

85
Q

Beer-Lambert’s Law

A
  1. luminance of perpendicular light on a surface is proportional to the inverse square of the distance it travels from its source
  2. the luminance intensity of angled light is proportional to the cosine of the angle with the normal
  3. luminance intensity decreases exponentially as the light travels through a medium
86
Q

with pulse ox wavelength is absorbed more by oxygenated Hg

A

940

87
Q

with pulse ox wavelength is absorbed more by deoxygenated Hg

A

660

88
Q

disadvantages of pulse oximetry (6)

A

susceptible to artifact and light
limits with hypothermic or vasoconstricted states
nail polish/acrylics
dye interference (ICG and methylene blue)
abnormal hgb states and erroneous values
risk of burns in poor perfusion states

89
Q

DC circuit

A

direct current, flow of electrons in one direction

90
Q

AC circuit

A

alternating circuit, flow of electrons reverses direction @ set freq (60Hz)

91
Q

what is the max leakage current allowed in OR equipment

A

10µA

92
Q

real life example of Beer’s law

A

pulse oximetry

93
Q

4 time invariant contributors

A

tissue thickness
skin hue
light intensity
venous blood

94
Q

2 time variant contributors

A

arterial vol
o2 sat of hgb

95
Q

Beer’s law equation

A

A=abc

A= absorbance
a= constant of proportionality
b= path length
c= concentration of the analyte of interest

96
Q

define roentgen

A

unit of radiation exposure in air

97
Q

define rad

A

energy absorbed per gram of tissue

98
Q

define rem

A

biological effect of a rad

99
Q

who is more sensitive to radiation

A

children
10x

100
Q

what affects exposure

A

“fatter the more scatter”
larger body parts lead to increased exposure

101
Q

what types of cells are most sensitive to radiation exposure (4)

A

rapidly diving cells
sperm
lymphocytes
sm. intestine
stomach

102
Q

where are radiation-caused tumors commonly located

A

bone marrow
gonads
lymphatic tissue

103
Q

first signs of radiation damage

A

drop in WBC
skin burn

104
Q

early effects of radiation damage (5)

A

death
hematologic depression
chromosome aberration
skin erythema
epilation

105
Q

what is the whole body annual radiation dose limit

A

5000mrem/yr

106
Q

what does compressing a gas quickly do to the kinetic energy

A

increases it resulting in a higher temperature

107
Q

what should an ET cuff be inflated to

A

15-25mmHg

108
Q

adiabatic change

A

when a gas is compressed or expands without a transfer of heat between the gas and its surroundings

109
Q

bernoulli principle

A

low velocity and high pressure at wider diameter of tube
high velocity and low pressure at bottleneck

110
Q

coanda effect

A

tendency of a fluid to cling to the wall of a tube or curved surface

111
Q

critical temperature

A

temperature above which a substance can no longer be liquefied by the application of pressure alone

112
Q

above a critical temperature a substance is known as a

A

gas

113
Q

below the critical temperature a substance is known as a

A

vapor

114
Q

what is it called when the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation

A

vapor is saturated

115
Q

what can be detected by infrared absorption analysis

A

polyatomic molecules only

116
Q

what cannot be detected by infrared absorption analysis

A

O2 and N2

NUR 724 Chem&Phys (4 decks)

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