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NUR 724 Chem&Phys > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

define solubility

A

the maximum amount of one substance (solute) that is able to dissolve into another (solvent)

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2
Q

3 factors that affect solubility

A

intermolecular interactions
temperature
pressure

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3
Q

how do intermolecular interactions affect solubility

A

like dissolves like
polarity/ionization
similar electron configuration–> higher solubility

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4
Q

how does temperature affect solid/liquid solubility

A

elevated temperature increases solubility

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5
Q

how does pressure affect solubility

A

affects gases
higher pressure increases solubility

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6
Q

how does temperature affect the solubility of gases

A

inverse relationship
hypothermia– anes. gases stay soluble in blood rather than to lungs and being exhaled by the body as a gas

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7
Q

Henry’s law
What is the formula?

A

at constant temp, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at equilibrium above the gas-liquid interface

p=kc
(k-constant)
(c-concentration)
(p-partial pressure)

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8
Q

Graham’s law

A

the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight

smaller molecule-> faster diffusion

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9
Q

Fick’s law

A

diffusion of a gas is directly proportional to the partial pressure gradient, the membrane solubility of the gas, and the membrane area

diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness and the molecular weight of the gas

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10
Q

how does Fick’s law apply to anesthesia (4)

A

passive oxygenation (in ENT cases, unable to ventilate)

diffusion hypoxia
concentration effect
second gas effect

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11
Q

what is diffusion hypoxia

A

nitrous is very soluble
tissues become saturated, diffuse into alveoli quickly once turned off, creating hypoxic mixture in the lungs <21%

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12
Q

what is concentration effect

A

increasing the fraction of inspired concentration (FI) of an inhalation anesthetic will more rapidly increase the fraction of alveolar concentration (FA) of the agent– think about Henry’s law

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13
Q

what is second gas effect

A

As nitrous is diffused into the blood from the alveoli at a faster rate than the volatile anesthetic, it leaves a void of volume in the alveoli. It creates pressure gradient, allowing more volatile anesthetic to enter the alveoli at a faster rate.

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14
Q

plasmolysis

A

cells in hypertonic fluid

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15
Q

cytolysis

A

cells in hypotonic fluid

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16
Q

tonicity

A

the capacity of a solution to modify the volume of a cell by altering its water content

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17
Q

tonicity example in clinical practice

A

elevated ICP treated with an agent creating a hypertonic osmotic environment, pulling fluid from interstitial space around brain
Osmotic diuretic (mannitol) increases serum tonicity, drawing edema from brain parenchyma into the intravascular space

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18
Q

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

A

proton donor

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19
Q

Bronsted-Lowry Base

A

proton acceptor

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20
Q

Lewis Acid

A

electron pair acceptor (electrophile)

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21
Q

Lewis Base

A

electron pair donor (nucleophile)

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22
Q

define acid

A

substance that can donate a proton or accept an electron pair in a chemical reaction

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23
Q

define base

A

substance that can accept a proton or donate an electron pair in a chemical reaction

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24
Q

acid-base reaction

A

acid and a base react to form water and a salt (ionic compound)
acid+base->water+salt

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25
define buffer and example
help regulate and stabilize pH CO2+water <--> carbonic acid <--> HCO3+ H+
26
define pKa
pKa of a molecule represents the pH at which 50% of the molecules exist in the non-ionized and 50% in the ionized form **constant**
27
define pH
quantifies the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
28
how does pKa relate to anesthesia?
injecting local anesthetic into inflamed, acidic tissue doesn't promote the breakdown of lidocaine HCL to lidocaine + H+ when lidocaine is not conjugated, it remains in an ionized, ineffective state
29
pH = pKa meaning
HA = A-
30
pH > pKa
A- > HA
31
pH < pKa
HA > A-
32
is pH a constant?
no, pH of blood can influence ionization of drug
33
define colligative properties
set of physical properties of a solution that depend solely on the number or concentration of solute particles in a solution, regardless of the identity of the solute particles. These properties are primarily related to the behavior of a solvent when solute particles are added to it.
34
3 colligative properties
vapor pressure lowering boiling point elevation freezing point depression
35
molality equation
moles solute/ kg solvent
36
explain the colligative property of vapor pressure lowering
solute molecules get in the way from solvent going to gas phase
37
vapor pressure lowering equation
Psolution= Xsolvent * P°solvent Psolution= new vapor pressure Xsolvent= solvent particles/total particles P°solvent= pure solvent vp
38
explain the colligative property of boiling point elevation
∆Tb=m(Kb) m=molality Kb=constant specific to solvent
39
explain the colligative property of freezing point depression
particles get in the way of lattice formation ex: salt on icy streets ∆Tf=m(Kf) m=molality Kf=constant specific to solvent
40
fluid flow=
pressure difference * resistance
41
SI unit for viscosity
Pa s (pascal seconds)
42
define viscosity
measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and deformation by stress due to internal friction
43
viscosity affect on flow rate
increased viscosity leads to decreased flow rate
44
3 factors that affect viscosity
strength of intermolecular forces size/shape of molecule temperature
45
2 types of intermolecular forces
cohesive and adhesive
46
define cohesive forces
intermolecular forces b/w the molecules in a liquid
47
why are water molecules spherical
maximize hydrogen bonding by decreasing SA molecules on the edge only half the effect of hydrogen bonding
48
define adhesive forces
interaction b/w the liquid and solid surface. Water will spread out on a surface if adhesive force>cohesive forces
49
concave meniscus is an example of what force
adhesive>cohesive
50
convex meniscus is an example of what force
cohesive>adhesive
51
layers of turbulent flow
laminar sublayer buffer layer turbulent boundary
52
3 types of flow
laminar transitional turbulent
53
define laminar flow
fluid flows steadily in one direction
54
which law calculates laminar flow rate
Poiseuille's law
55
define turbulent flow
fluid swirls in eddies
56
which type of flow has higher velocity
turbulent
57
what is Reynold's number
probability of turbulent rather than laminar flow
58
what is Reynold's formula
Re= (ρuL)/μ ρ= fluid density u= fluid velocity L= characteristic length μ= dynamic velocity
59
Bernoilli's law
increased velocity of fluid through pipe leads to decreased pressure on pipe's walls
60
Bernoulli's equation
P+1/2pv^2+pgy P= pressure p= density v= velocity g= gravity y= height (pressure+kinetic energy+potential energy)
61
define hydrostatics
characteristics of fluids at REST and the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid on an immersed body
62
define hydrodynamics
MOTION of fluids and forces acting on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in motion relative to them
63
what effect is linked to Bernoulli's princible
venturi effect
64
what is the venturi effect
a constriction in a pipe leads to faster velocity and lower pressure
65
how does the venturi effect relate to anesthesia
venturi mask- 100% O2 moving through small tube at high velocity, creating lower than atmospheric pressure leading to room air to enter through the hole on the green compartment
66
which forces in the Reynold's formula favors turbulent flow
inertial forces: ρuL
67
which forces in the Reynold's formula favors laminar flow
viscous forces: μ
68
how does Reynold's number predict type of flow
Re<2000 is typically laminar Re 2000-4000 is typically transitional Re>4000 is typically turbulent
69
what type of flow is found in blood vessels
laminar
70
what may create turbulent flow in blood vessels
atherosclerosis stenosis aneurysm
71
define continuity equation
states the velocity of a fluid flowing through a pipe is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the area of the pipe for a given flow rate, fluid flows faster through thinner pipe
72
continuity equation
(A1)(v1)=(A2)(v2) A= area v= velocity
73
mass=
pV (density*volume)
74
∆V= (volume)
A(∆I) (area*change in distance)
75
v= (velocity)
∆I/∆t I= distance t= time
76
What is pulmonary surfactant
complex lipoprotein (DPPC) formed by type 2 pneumocytes lining the alveoli
77
what is frequency (wave motion)
the number of complete waves passing a fixed point in a given period of time
78
what is the symbol for frequency
f
79
what is the SI for frequency
hertz (Hz)
80
what is period (wave motion)
the time for one complete cycle to occur
81
what is the SI for period
second
82
what is wavelength (wave motion)
the distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the next wave
83
what is the SI for wavelength
meter
84
what is the symbol for wavelength
λ lambda
85
what is amplitude wave motion)
the distance from the maximum disturbance to the undisturbed position
86
2 types of waves
longitudinal transverse
87
what is a longitudinal wave
particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave of energy is traveling
88
what is a transverse wave
particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling
89
define rarefaction
area in longitudinal wave where the particles are far apart
90
define compression
area in longitudinal wave where the particles are close together
91
inverse square law
change in intensity due to the change in distance ex: x-ray beam or flashlight
92
doppler effect
as source or observer travel closer, frequency detected by observer is higher than frequency emitted as source or observer travel farther apart, frequency detected by observer is lower than frequency emitted
93
why does the doppler effect occur
as the source moves, the distance between sound waves in the direction it is moving decreases, leading to increased observed frequency
94
label this diagram
1. amplitude 2. wavelength
95
what is Poiseuille's equation
Q=(π r^4 P) / 8 η L L=length η= viscosity Q= flow rate r= radius P= pressure
96
what are the conditions that make Poiseuille's law true
laminar flow incompressible (density doesn't change)
97
2 ways to increase flow during administration of IVF or blood products
administer in a line with a large radius administer in a line with a shorter length

NUR 724 Chem&Phys (4 decks)

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