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NUR 724 Chem&Phys > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

define solubility

A

the maximum amount of one substance (solute) that is able to dissolve into another (solvent)

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2
Q

3 factors that affect solubility

A

intermolecular interactions
temperature
pressure

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3
Q

how do intermolecular interactions affect solubility

A

like dissolves like
polarity/ionization
similar electron configuration–> higher solubility

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4
Q

how does temperature affect solid/liquid solubility

A

elevated temperature increases solubility

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5
Q

how does pressure affect solubility

A

affects gases
higher pressure increases solubility

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6
Q

how does temperature affect the solubility of gases

A

inverse relationship
hypothermia– anes. gases stay soluble in blood rather than to lungs and being exhaled by the body as a gas

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7
Q

Henry’s law
What is the formula?

A

at constant temp, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at equilibrium above the gas-liquid interface

p=kc
(k-constant)
(c-concentration)
(p-partial pressure)

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8
Q

Graham’s law

A

the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight

smaller molecule-> faster diffusion

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9
Q

Fick’s law

A

diffusion of a gas is directly proportional to the partial pressure gradient, the membrane solubility of the gas, and the membrane area

diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness and the molecular weight of the gas

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10
Q

how does Fick’s law apply to anesthesia (4)

A

passive oxygenation (in ENT cases, unable to ventilate)

diffusion hypoxia
concentration effect
second gas effect

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11
Q

what is diffusion hypoxia

A

nitrous is very soluble
tissues become saturated, diffuse into alveoli quickly once turned off, creating hypoxic mixture in the lungs <21%

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12
Q

what is concentration effect

A

increasing the fraction of inspired concentration (FI) of an inhalation anesthetic will more rapidly increase the fraction of alveolar concentration (FA) of the agent– think about Henry’s law

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13
Q

what is second gas effect

A

As nitrous is diffused into the blood from the alveoli at a faster rate than the volatile anesthetic, it leaves a void of volume in the alveoli. It creates pressure gradient, allowing more volatile anesthetic to enter the alveoli at a faster rate.

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14
Q

plasmolysis

A

cells in hypertonic fluid

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15
Q

cytolysis

A

cells in hypotonic fluid

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16
Q

tonicity

A

the capacity of a solution to modify the volume of a cell by altering its water content

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17
Q

tonicity example in clinical practice

A

elevated ICP treated with an agent creating a hypertonic osmotic environment, pulling fluid from interstitial space around brain
Osmotic diuretic (mannitol) increases serum tonicity, drawing edema from brain parenchyma into the intravascular space

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18
Q

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

A

proton donor

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19
Q

Bronsted-Lowry Base

A

proton acceptor

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20
Q

Lewis Acid

A

electron pair acceptor (electrophile)

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21
Q

Lewis Base

A

electron pair donor (nucleophile)

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22
Q

define acid

A

substance that can donate a proton or accept an electron pair in a chemical reaction

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23
Q

define base

A

substance that can accept a proton or donate an electron pair in a chemical reaction

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24
Q

acid-base reaction

A

acid and a base react to form water and a salt (ionic compound)
acid+base->water+salt

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25
Q

define buffer and example

A

help regulate and stabilize pH
CO2+water <–> carbonic acid <–> HCO3+ H+

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26
Q

define pKa

A

pKa of a molecule represents the pH at which 50% of the molecules exist in the non-ionized and 50% in the ionized form

constant

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27
Q

define pH

A

quantifies the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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28
Q

how does pKa relate to anesthesia?

A

injecting local anesthetic into inflamed, acidic tissue
doesn’t promote the breakdown of lidocaine HCL to lidocaine + H+
when lidocaine is not conjugated, it remains in an ionized, ineffective state

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29
Q

pH = pKa meaning

A

HA = A-

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30
Q

pH > pKa

A

A- > HA

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31
Q

pH < pKa

A

HA > A-

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32
Q

is pH a constant?

A

no, pH of blood can influence ionization of drug

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33
Q

define colligative properties

A

set of physical properties of a solution that depend solely on the number or concentration of solute particles in a solution, regardless of the identity of the solute particles.
These properties are primarily related to the behavior of a solvent when solute particles are added to it.

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34
Q

3 colligative properties

A

vapor pressure lowering
boiling point elevation
freezing point depression

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35
Q

molality equation

A

moles solute/ kg solvent

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36
Q

explain the colligative property of vapor pressure lowering

A

solute molecules get in the way from solvent going to gas phase

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37
Q

vapor pressure lowering equation

A

Psolution= Xsolvent * P°solvent

Psolution= new vapor pressure
Xsolvent= solvent particles/total particles
P°solvent= pure solvent vp

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38
Q

explain the colligative property of boiling point elevation

A

∆Tb=m(Kb)
m=molality
Kb=constant specific to solvent

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39
Q

explain the colligative property of freezing point depression

A

particles get in the way of lattice formation ex: salt on icy streets
∆Tf=m(Kf)
m=molality
Kf=constant specific to solvent

40
Q

fluid flow=

A

pressure difference * resistance

41
Q

SI unit for viscosity

A

Pa s (pascal seconds)

42
Q

define viscosity

A

measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow and deformation by stress due to internal friction

43
Q

viscosity affect on flow rate

A

increased viscosity leads to decreased flow rate

44
Q

3 factors that affect viscosity

A

strength of intermolecular forces
size/shape of molecule
temperature

45
Q

2 types of intermolecular forces

A

cohesive and adhesive

46
Q

define cohesive forces

A

intermolecular forces b/w the molecules in a liquid

47
Q

why are water molecules spherical

A

maximize hydrogen bonding by decreasing SA
molecules on the edge only half the effect of hydrogen bonding

48
Q

define adhesive forces

A

interaction b/w the liquid and solid surface. Water will spread out on a surface if adhesive force>cohesive forces

49
Q

concave meniscus is an example of what force

A

adhesive>cohesive

50
Q

convex meniscus is an example of what force

A

cohesive>adhesive

51
Q

layers of turbulent flow

A

laminar sublayer
buffer layer
turbulent boundary

52
Q

3 types of flow

A

laminar
transitional
turbulent

53
Q

define laminar flow

A

fluid flows steadily in one direction

54
Q

which law calculates laminar flow rate

A

Poiseuille’s law

55
Q

define turbulent flow

A

fluid swirls in eddies

56
Q

which type of flow has higher velocity

A

turbulent

57
Q

what is Reynold’s number

A

probability of turbulent rather than laminar flow

58
Q

what is Reynold’s formula

A

Re= (ρuL)/μ
ρ= fluid density
u= fluid velocity
L= characteristic length
μ= dynamic velocity

59
Q

Bernoilli’s law

A

increased velocity of fluid through pipe leads to decreased pressure on pipe’s walls

60
Q

Bernoulli’s equation

A

P+1/2pv^2+pgy
P= pressure
p= density
v= velocity
g= gravity
y= height
(pressure+kinetic energy+potential energy)

61
Q

define hydrostatics

A

characteristics of fluids at REST and the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid on an immersed body

62
Q

define hydrodynamics

A

MOTION of fluids and forces acting on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in motion relative to them

63
Q

what effect is linked to Bernoulli’s princible

A

venturi effect

64
Q

what is the venturi effect

A

a constriction in a pipe leads to faster velocity and lower pressure

65
Q

how does the venturi effect relate to anesthesia

A

venturi mask- 100% O2 moving through small tube at high velocity, creating lower than atmospheric pressure leading to room air to enter through the hole on the green compartment

66
Q

which forces in the Reynold’s formula favors turbulent flow

A

inertial forces: ρuL

67
Q

which forces in the Reynold’s formula favors laminar flow

A

viscous forces: μ

68
Q

how does Reynold’s number predict type of flow

A

Re<2000 is typically laminar
Re 2000-4000 is typically transitional
Re>4000 is typically turbulent

69
Q

what type of flow is found in blood vessels

A

laminar

70
Q

what may create turbulent flow in blood vessels

A

atherosclerosis
stenosis
aneurysm

71
Q

define continuity equation

A

states the velocity of a fluid flowing through a pipe is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the area of the pipe

for a given flow rate, fluid flows faster through thinner pipe

72
Q

continuity equation

A

(A1)(v1)=(A2)(v2)
A= area
v= velocity

73
Q

mass=

A

pV
(density*volume)

74
Q

∆V=
(volume)

A

A(∆I)
(area*change in distance)

75
Q

v=
(velocity)

A

∆I/∆t
I= distance
t= time

76
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant

A

complex lipoprotein (DPPC) formed by type 2 pneumocytes lining the alveoli

77
Q

what is frequency (wave motion)

A

the number of complete waves passing a fixed point in a given period of time

78
Q

what is the symbol for frequency

A

f

79
Q

what is the SI for frequency

A

hertz (Hz)

80
Q

what is period (wave motion)

A

the time for one complete cycle to occur

81
Q

what is the SI for period

A

second

82
Q

what is wavelength (wave motion)

A

the distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the next wave

83
Q

what is the SI for wavelength

A

meter

84
Q

what is the symbol for wavelength

A

λ
lambda

85
Q

what is amplitude wave motion)

A

the distance from the maximum disturbance to the undisturbed position

86
Q

2 types of waves

A

longitudinal
transverse

87
Q

what is a longitudinal wave

A

particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave of energy is traveling

88
Q

what is a transverse wave

A

particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling

89
Q

define rarefaction

A

area in longitudinal wave where the particles are far apart

90
Q

define compression

A

area in longitudinal wave where the particles are close together

91
Q

inverse square law

A

change in intensity due to the change in distance
ex: x-ray beam or flashlight

92
Q

doppler effect

A

as source or observer travel closer, frequency detected by observer is higher than frequency emitted
as source or observer travel farther apart, frequency detected by observer is lower than frequency emitted

93
Q

why does the doppler effect occur

A

as the source moves, the distance between sound waves in the direction it is moving decreases, leading to increased observed frequency

94
Q

label this diagram

A
  1. amplitude
  2. wavelength
95
Q

what is Poiseuille’s equation

A

Q=(π r^4 P) / 8 η L
L=length
η= viscosity
Q= flow rate
r= radius
P= pressure

96
Q

what are the conditions that make Poiseuille’s law true

A

laminar flow
incompressible (density doesn’t change)

97
Q

2 ways to increase flow during administration of IVF or blood products

A

administer in a line with a large radius
administer in a line with a shorter length

NUR 724 Chem&Phys (4 decks)

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