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Psych 202 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Health

A

Health is a state of being free from illness or injury. Health is intimately tied to behavior and mental processes. (physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing)

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2
Q

Health Psychology

A

Health psychology is the study of how psychological factors (like stress) affect health and illness. Health psychology also includes the study of how interventions help maintain health and combat illness.

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3
Q

Health Psychologists

A

Who study how people’s behaviors influence their health, have classified stressors into several types

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4
Q

Leading Causes of Death in Adults

A

Heart disease - chronic
Cancer - chronic
Chronic lower respiratory diseases - chronic
Unintentional injuries
Stroke
Alzheimer’s disease
Diabetes
Influenza and pneumonia
Kidney disease
Suicide

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5
Q

What behaviors contribute to health

A

Maintain healthy weight
Exercise regularly
Eat a healthy diet
Get 8 hours of sleep
Quit smoking (or never smoke)

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6
Q

Behaviors that contribute to chronic conditions

A

Excessive alcohol consumption
Tobacco smoking
Unhealthy diet
Inadequate exercise
Inadequate sleep

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7
Q

Stressors

A

Stimuli in our lives that we perceive as challenges or threats (Stressors are stimuli that place demands on us and require us to adapt in some manner)

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8
Q

Reactions

A

Second part in the process of stress response (includes bodily reactions)

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9
Q

Coping

A

By perceiving and then reacting, we are coping with the challenges or threats (successfully/not)

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10
Q

Cognitive Appraisal

A

Is it irrelevant, stressful, or positive
Is this a threat, harm, or challenge
Challenge = better; threat = worse

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11
Q

Various sources of stressors

A

Major life events
Catastrophes
Daily hassles
Frustration
Pressure
Conflict

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12
Q

Degrees of stressors

A

Microstressors
Major negative events
Catastrophic events

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13
Q

Microstressors

A

Daily hassles and minor annoyances (traffic jam, line at the grocery store, etc)

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14
Q

Major negative events

A

Personal, negative events (divorce, death of a loved one, serious illness, etc.)

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15
Q

Catastrophic events

A

Tend to occur unexpectedly and affect large numbers of people; affect both physical and mental health (hurricane, tsunami, wildfire)

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16
Q

Fight or Flight response

A

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Release of adrenaline, norepinephrine, cortisol
Affects multiple body systems; suppresses immune system

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17
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Our stress response system defends, then fatigues (The body’s resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in)

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18
Q

Phase one of GAS

A

Alarm reaction (mobilize resources)

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19
Q

Phase 2 of GAS

A

Resistance (cope with stressors)

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20
Q

Phase 3 of GAS

A

Exhaustion (reserves depleted)

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21
Q

Diseases of Adaptation

A

Chronic inflammation
Damage to heart and blood vessels
High blood pressure, heart disease
Depressed immune function
Colds, flu
Arthritis
Disruptions in gut bacteria

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22
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland axis

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23
Q

Effects of chronic stress

A

More vulnerable to infectious diseases (colds and flu)
Progression of HIV infection to AIDS is influenced by stress
Produces greater vulnerability to the virus responsible for mono, which is normally kept in check by the immune system
Stress related to social relationships can be especially harmful to our ability to stay healthy
Heart disease is associated with chronic stress (damage affects the ability of blood vessels to expand when necessary)

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24
Q

PTSD

A

Severe negative reactions to a traumatic event, including anxiety, irritability, jumpiness, inability to concentrate or work productively, dysfunction in many areas of life (thinking, sexual function, relationships, sleep)

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25
Q

Burnout

A

An increasingly intense pattern of physical and psychological dysfunction in response to a continuous flow of stressors or to chronic stress

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26
Q

Biopsychosocial model of health

A

Health is the product of interaction between a range of different factors. These interact with and can influence one another. Making a change to one factor can produce changes to the other factors.

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27
Q

Biological factors

A

Genetics
Physiological functioning
Fitness levels
Illness
Internal body chemistry (hormones + neurotransmitters)

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28
Q

Psychological factors

A

Lifestyle
Stress
Cognitive functioning
Beliefs
Mental illness
Modes of thinking

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29
Q

Social factors

A

Culture
Family
Interpersonal relationships
Social support
General environment

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30
Q

Perceived control

A

How can I cope or manage this stressor
Feeling of control = better
Lack of control = worse

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31
Q

Problem-focused coping strategies

A

Controlling or altering the environment that is causing the stress

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32
Q

Emotion-focused coping strategies

A

Controlling your internal, subjective, emotional reactions to stress (cognitive reappraisal, defense mechanisms)

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33
Q

Steps to Reducing Stress

A

Assessment, goals, planning, action, evaluation, adjustment

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34
Q

Physical stress management techniques

A

Exercise
Progressive relaxation
Meditation, breathing
Yoga

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35
Q

Behavioral stress management techniques

A

Manage time wisely
Laugh
Be spiritual
Imagine a calm environment

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36
Q

Psychological stress management techniques

A

Cognitive reappraisal (stress=challenge, not threat)
Avoid perfectionism
Cognitive restructuring (replace upsetting thoughts with more constructive ones)
Try to be optimistic

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37
Q

Social-emotional stress management techniques

A

Develop social support
Talk with friends
Find community
Seek advice

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38
Q

Make stress your friend

A

View stress as “energizing” you to surmount obstacles or deal with stressors (cognitive appraisal)
Talk about your stress with others (seek social support)
Help others (take your focus on your own stressors/enhance your social network)

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38
Q

Health Literacy

A

What is it: Individuals’ ability to obtain, process, and understand the basic health information and services they need to manage their health and make appropriate health decisions

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38
Q

Effects of low health literacy

A

1.5-3 times more likely to have negative health outcomes
Lower knowledge of healthcare and conditions
More hospitalizations
Lower overall health scores
Poor diabetes and COPD control
More anxiety and depression
Fewer (or no) flu vaccines and annual cancer screening
Having children with more health issues (poor understanding, support of child health)

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38
Q

Abnormal behavior

A

Thought and behavior patterns characterized as atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, or unjustifiable
Deviance, distress, dysfunction

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38
Q

Normal to Abnormal Continuum

A

Behavior is viewed on a continuum from normal to psychological disorder

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38
Q

DSM-5

A

Lists 20 categories of disorders
Covers more than 300 disorders
Takes an a-theoretical approach
Shows improved reliability and validity over time
Having standards does not guarantee a correct diagnosis

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38
Q

Biological/Neurobiological perspective

A

All abnormal behavior has a physical cause (genes, biochemistry, neurological impairments)

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38
Q

Psychological perspective

A

Abnormal behavior is caused by internal factors (sometimes with external influences)

39
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Abnormal behavior develops within a social context (family, community, and society) and must be treated according to that social context

40
Q

Biopsychosocial perspective

A

We draw from multiple perspectives, not just one, in treating mental disorders

41
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Excessive worry about a number of events, often with no identifiable cause (lasts at least 6 months)

42
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Person has recurrent abrupt experiences of unexpected intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms

43
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of being trapped in public and getting a panic attack

44
Q

Specific Phobias

A

Persistent fear that is excessive and unreasonable (lasts at least 6 months)

45
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

A disorder where the person experiences anxiety related to an obsession or compulsion or both
Obsession: An involuntary, irrational thought that occurs repeatedly (intrusive thoughts)
Compulsion: An action that a person feels compelled to do, even though it is irrational

46
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

Results from exposure to a traumatic event during which one feels helplessness or fear

47
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions such that they accumulate and clutter living areas causing significant distress and impairment in functioning

48
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Involve a loss of connection with some part of our consciousness, identity, or memory

49
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

sudden loss of memory

50
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

multiple personality disorder

51
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorders

A

Involve physical complaints for which there is no apparent physical cause

52
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

Sometimes identifiable, not voluntarily produced, involves cognitive distortions regarding illness

53
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Not identifiable but involves physical symptoms, not voluntarily produced, no cognitive distortions regarding illness

54
Q

Depressive Disorder

A

May involve depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in one’s usual activities; changes in sleep patterns, appetite, and motor functioning; and loss of energy

55
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Involve shifts in mood between two states; depressed and manic

56
Q

Explaining Mood Disorders

A

Genetics

Neurotransmitters
(Serotonin
Norepinephrine)

Stress hormones

Brain structures
(Prefrontal cortex
Limbic system)

Psychological factors
(Learned helplessness
Ruminative coping style
Cognitive distortions)

Sociocultural factors (Stressful events
Lower SES
Prior trauma)

57
Q

Suicide

A

90% of all people who commit suicide have a diagnosable mental health disorder
In 2010, suicide was 11th-leading cause of death in US
Among 25-34 year olds, it was the 2nd leading cause of death
Among 15-24 year olds, it was the 3rd leading cause of death
Among 35-44 year olds, it was the 4th leading cause of death

58
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Characterized by a lack of reality testing, deterioration of social and intellectual functioning, and serious personality disintegration with significant changes in thought, mood perception and behavior

59
Q

Schizophrenia: Epidemiology

A

Typically diagnosed in adolescence or early adulthood (men generally diagnosed earlier than women)
Rates differ by race and ethnicity

60
Q

Schizophrenia: Neural and Developmental Factors

A

Abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitter function are associated with schizophrenia
These abnormalities may have origins in prenatal and early childhood development

61
Q

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms

A

Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized speech
Disordered behavior

62
Q

Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms

A

Blunted affect
Alogia
Avolition

63
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Odd or Eccentric Behaviors
Anxious or Fearful Behaviors
Dramatic or Erratic Behaviors

64
Q

Odd or Eccentric Behaviors

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder

65
Q

Dramatic or Erratic Behaviors

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder

66
Q

Anxious or Fearful Behaviors

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

67
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

Pervasive pattern of mistrust and suspiciousness regarding others’ motives

68
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

Socially isolated, emotionally cold, indifferent to others

69
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

Peculiar thoughts and behaviors; poor interpersonal relationships

70
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Failure to conform to social or legal codes; lack of anxiety and guilt; irresponsible behaviors

71
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Intense fluctuations in mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationships

72
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Self-dramatization, exaggerated emotional expression, and seductive, provocative or attention-seeking behaviors

73
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Exaggerated sense of self-importance; exploitative behavior; lack of empathy

74
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

Pervasive social inhibition; fear of rejection and humiliation

75
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Excessive dependence on others; inability to assume responsibilities; submissive

76
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder

A

Perfectionism; controlling interpersonal behavior; devotion to details; rigidity

77
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorders

A

Characterized by impairment in social communication and social interaction; and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

78
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A

Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Boys diagnosed more frequently
Problem: person is chronically under-aroused mentally

79
Q

Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A

Off-task behavior; difficulty focusing
Lack of inhibition
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity

80
Q

Common Treatments of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A

Central nervous system stimulants (Adderall, Ritalin) - increase mental arousal
Cognitive behavioral therapy

81
Q

Psychological Therapy (Psychotherapy)

A

A therapist uses various techniques to help a person overcome difficulties, gain personal insight, and achieve personal growth (Multiple perspectives, evidence-based)

82
Q

Biological and Psychological Perspectives

A

Lithium discovered as a treatment for bipolar disorder

83
Q

Evidence-based Practice

A

Best scientific evidence
Individual clinical expertise
Patient values

84
Q

Types of Mental Health Professionals

A

Psychologists
Psychiatrists
Counselors
Social Workers
Couples or Family Therapists

85
Q

Therapy Considerations

A

Length of treatment
Individual, couples, family, or group therapy
Setting (in or outpatient)

86
Q

Who seeks treatment

A

Related to severity
Difficult to estimate
Who sees a family physician
Self-select/report

87
Q

Psychoanalytic Psychological Therapies

A

Uncover unconscious motivation/issues

88
Q

Techniques of Psychoanalysis

A

Free association
Dream analysis
Hypnosis
Projective tests
Talk therapy

89
Q

Humanistic Psychological Therapies

A

Discover a person’s needs/goals (Carl Rogers)

90
Q

Techniques of humanism

A

Empathy
Genuineness
Unconditional positive regard
Active listening

91
Q

Behavioral Psychological Therapies

A

To change behavior; to help the person learn a more healthy, adaptive behavior

92
Q

Techniques of behaviorism

A

Systematic desensitization
Flooding
Aversion therapy
Token economies
Modeling

93
Q

Cognitive Psychological Therapies

A

To change a client’s maladaptive thinking patterns

94
Q

Techniques of Cognitive therapy

A

Cognitive restructuring
Rational emotive behavior therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy

95
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A

All-or-nothing thinking
Arbitrary inference
Emotional reasoning
Magnification and minimization
Overgeneralization

96
Q

All-or-nothing thinking

A

Seeing each event as completely good or bad, right or wrong, a success or a failure

97
Q

Arbitrary inference

A

Concluding that something negative will happen or is happening even though there is no evidence to support it

98
Q

Emotional reasoning

A

Assuming that negative emotions are accurate without questioning them

99
Q

Magnification and minimization

A

Overestimating the importance of negative events and underestimating the impact of positive events

100
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Applying a negative conclusion of one even to other unrelated events and areas of one’s life

101
Q

Rational Emotive Therapy

A
  1. Activating event
  2. Belief
  3. Emotional and behavioral consequences

Rational Intervention:
Challenging the belief
New effective philosophy
New feelings

102
Q

Classes of Psychoactive Medications

A

Anti-anxiety
Anti-psychotics
Mood stabilizers
Antidepressants

103
Q

Biological Therapies

A

Electroconvulsive therapy
Psychosurgery
Brain stimulation
Neurofeedback

Psych 202 (2 decks)

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