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Evolution > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Chemical formation of life from nonliving material

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2
Q

Charles Darwin’s “warm little pond”

A

suggested that simple inorganic molecules could be transformed into cell building blocks

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3
Q

1920’s - Oparin-Haldane hypothesis

A

formalized “warm little pool”
no air so UV light and lightning were energy sources that converted atmospheric gases into biomolecules

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4
Q

1953: Miller-Urey Experiment

A

Tested abiogenesis from prebiotic soup.
Mixture of gases + electric current

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5
Q

Sources of molecules in prebiotic soup

A

Meteorites w/ carbon, lipids, amino acids, nucleobases, ribose
Deep sea hydrothermal vents
interstellar ice “raining down”

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6
Q

Hypothetical protocell features

A
  • Control flow of nutrients across boundary layer
  • copy its genetic material
  • Divide to form daughter cells
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7
Q

First step of compartment

A

cell membrane

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8
Q

Micelle

A

self-assembling spherical-shaped grouping of amphiphilic molecules contained in a liquid
membrane could have been self-assembling fatty acids

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9
Q

Ribozyme

A

RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme

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10
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

Idea that life was RNA-based
RNA - genetic materical AND enzyme

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11
Q

Evidence for RNA world

A
  • Many enzymes are RNA based
  • DN-tides are made from RN-tides w/ removal of -OH group
  • Catylitic site of ribos are madfe of RNA
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12
Q

Negatives of RNA

A
  • Unstable bc of ribose (-O is reactive)
  • Single-stranded, might have affinity to other molecules
  • No proofreading
  • No repair mechanisms
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13
Q

DNA pros

A
  • more stable
  • lower mutation rate
  • therefore genes would get passed down
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14
Q

Amphiphilic molecule

A

molecule having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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15
Q

Major transitions

A

Changes the way life is organized

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16
Q

Examples of MET

A

Eukaryotic cells
multicellularity
multicellular individuality
group living

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cell key characteristics

A
  • Bacteria and archaea
  • no nucleus or organelles
  • DNA in nucleoid region
  • Smaller, simpler
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18
Q

Eukaryotic cell key characteristics

A
  • Animals, plants, fungi, protists
  • Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles present
  • Much more sophisticated communication within cell
  • cytoplasmic elements
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19
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A
  • nom but not nom-nom
  • mutualism btwn 2 prokaryotes
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20
Q

MET: Multicellularity

A
  • When a group of cells form a whole
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21
Q

“Staying together” Multicellularity

A

-single cell divides, but parent cells do not separate from daughter cells
-CLONES

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22
Q

“Coming together” Multicellularity

A

-Free-living cells join together
- potentially diverse

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23
Q

MET: Multicellular Individuality

A

“integrated and invisible wholes”
- Differentiation into germ cells and somatic cells

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24
Q

Germ cell

A
  • Egg/sperm
  • Specialized for reproduction and develop gametes
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25
Q

Somatic cells

A
  • body, non-germ
  • Cells specialized in the maintenance and growth functions of an organisms
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26
Q

MET: Solitary to group living

A

Group - set of conspecific individuals who affect each other’s fitness

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27
Q

Benefits of group living

A
  • group foraging / resource acquisition
  • predator defense
  • Access to information
  • Finding mates
28
Q

Negatives of group living

A
  • Increased chance of disease
  • intraspecific competition
  • increased visibility
29
Q

Conditions that could have favored the evolution of these METS

A

…

30
Q

Species (evolutionary)

A

a group of populations that has a shared history and future evolutionary fate

31
Q

Species (biological)

A

-may potentially interbreed
- reproductively isolated from other groups
- gene flow occurs

32
Q

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

A
  • Species separated by barrier traits that prevent gene flow
  • prezygotic or postzygotic
  • prevents gene flow
33
Q

Prezygotic Barriers

A
  • prevent / deter individuals from different populations from mating with one another or prevent fertilization if mating does occur
  • Habitat - different locations (geographical)
  • Temporal - breed at different times
  • Behavioral - different mating rituals, bird songs
  • Mechanical - physical barrier, parts don’t fit
  • gametic - aquatic animals, chemical differences
34
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A
  • AFTER fertilization and conception
  • reduced hybrid viability, embryo doesn’t survive
  • hybrid not fertil or bad fitness
  • hybrids can reproduce but offspring of hybrid unsuccessful
35
Q

Speciation

A

Process by which new species are formed

36
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
- reproductive isolating mechanisms evolve between populations when they are geographically isolated from each other
- Genetic drift
- natural selection
- cause separated populations to diverge from one another

37
Q

Allopatric Vicariance model

A

development of geographical barrier splits population

38
Q

Allopatric Periopheralisolate model

A

migration of part of population across pre-existing geographical barrier to new area;population that migrated may experience strong founder effects

39
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A
  • no geographical boundary separates populations
  • genetic event (chromosome rearrangement, changes in ploidy)
40
Q

Parapatric speciation

A
  • No geographic barrier, but instead a gradient of selective conditions across an area resulting in genotypic/phenotypic cline. ex: plant mine
  • cline= spatial gradient in frequency of genotypes/phenotypes along which populations experience different selective pressures
    hybrid zone= somewhere alon cline; here gene flow occurs; complete speciation will occu if gene flow stops along hybrid zone
41
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Multiple speciation events over time from a single ancestral (founder) species.
- finches

42
Q

Strong selection against hybrids

A
  • Selection favors traits that facilitate genes being passed down
  • Hybrids are often sterile/less fit
  • genetic dead-end, waste of parental effort
  • alleles that reduce mating with other species will be favored by selection
43
Q

Secondary contact (Reinforcement)

A

barrier to gene flow between allopatric (geographic isolation) populations is removed
- If reproductive isolation is significant enough to place hybrids at disadvantage, selection will be strong AGAINST hybridization
- speciation will proceed to completion

44
Q

Reproductive character displacement

A

Reproductive trait is less similar in zones of sympatry than in areas of allopatry

45
Q

ranks: DKPCOFGS

A

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spagetti
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

46
Q

Phylogenetic systematics

A

The modern science of classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships

47
Q

Phylogeny

A

Visualization of branching relationship over time

48
Q

Phylogenies are hypothesis

A

Continuosly updated

49
Q

Types of data used to test hypothesis

A
  • Fossil record
  • phenotypes (morphological and physiological)
  • Behavioral
  • Embryological
  • genetic
50
Q

Branches (line)

A

Represents different evolutionary lineages

51
Q

Taxa

A

major groups of organisms at each level in the hierarchy

52
Q

Branch tips (ends)

A

Taxa of interest

53
Q

Nodes

A

where branches split, indicate common ancestors of taxa that come after split point

54
Q

Sister Taxa

A

Taxa derived from the same node.
next to each other

55
Q

Root

A

base of tree
represents common ancestor to ALL taxa on tree

56
Q

Monophyletic group

A

Includes common ancestor and ALL its descendants
NO OTHERS
Clade: representation of a monophyletic group on a tree

57
Q

Poly-phyletic group

A

Many tribes, includes organisms from multiple ancestral lineages
DOES NOT INCLUDE THE COMMON ANCESTOR

58
Q

Para-phyletic group

A

contains group’s common ancestor but NOT ALL its descendants

59
Q

Polytomy

A

node with more than two branches arising from it

60
Q

unrooted trees

A

do not indicate root thus no indication of passage of time

61
Q

Ancestral character

A
  • character state present in the common ancestor
62
Q

Derived character

A

all other varient forms of the character that arose later within the group

63
Q

Homologous traits

A

Character similarity results from common ancestry (feet bones humans and whales)

64
Q

Analogous

A

Superficial similarities that arise via different evolutionary lineages; misrepresents common descent
wings, butterflies and birds

65
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Two or more populations or species evolve similar traits due to similar selective pressures.
america has wolves, australia has tasmanian wolves

66
Q
A

Evolution (5 decks)

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