Exam 3 Flashcards
When did Ahmose I reign?
1549-1524 BCE
How did Ahmose I’s reign begin?
He pushed the Hyksos out of Upper Egypt and established a capital in Thebes
Where was Ahmose I buried?
Abydos in a cemetery of other kings
When did Amenhotep I rule?
1524-1503 BCE
Where was Amenhotep I buried?
the Valley of Kings
Where are queens buried in Abydos?
the Valley of Queens
Where are mortuary chapels built in the Valley of Kings?
along the edge of the desert
What is the political structure of the Cult of Amun-Re during Amenhotep I’s rule?
the priests of the temple seem to hold more power than the Pharaoh and there is a power struggle
When did Thutmose I rule?
1503-1491 BCE
What is most significant about Thutmose I’s rule of Egypt?
he creates an empire and is the first evidence of large use of military power
Where did Thutmose I conquer?
Nubia’s capital Kerma and parts of Libya
Where did Thutmose I explore and discover for Egypt?
the Euphrates and Tigris upside down rivers and the coast of the East Mediterranean allowing access to harbors
What additions did Thutmose I make to the temple of the Amun Re
expanded the temple and erected 4 obilisks
When did Hatshepsut rule?
1479-1457 BCE
Who was Hatshepsut the daughter of
Thutmose I and Ahmose
When did Thutmose II rule?
1491-1479 BCE
Who was Hatshepsut’s husband?
Thutmose II; her half brother
Describe the narrative of Hatshepsut’s divinity
Amun-Re is shown pressing the Ankh to her mother’s lips and impregnating her
Why was Hatshepsut able to maintain power?
the support of priests
What addition did Hatshepsut make to the Amen-Re temple in Karnak?
she added an obelisk that depicts her name in a cartouche and her Amun-Re coronation
What did Hatshepsut bring back from her expedition to Punt?
monkeys, ivory, ebony wood, incense trees (mer), etc.
Who has the largest mortuary temple of the 18th dynasty?
Hatshepsut
Where was Hatshepsut buried?
the valley of kings with her father
What did Thutmose III do after Hatshepsut’s passing?
scratched out her cartouche’s and omitted her from the next king’s list
When did Thutmose III rule?
1479-1424 BCE
Where is Thutmose III’s victory of Megiddo depicted?
Temple of Amun in Karnak
What was special about record keeping during the battle of Megiddo?
it was the first time number of deaths injuries and prisoners was ever recorded
Where does the word Armageddon come from?
Har Megiddo meaning mound
Why did Megiddo have a mound?
the city was rebuilt so many times throughout its’ history or many different occupations
What was diplomatically significant during the first half of the 14th century BCE under Ahmenhotep II?
the first period of peace across the Egypt area where there was diplomatic relations between Mitanni and Egypt
How much of Nubia did Egypt control during Thutmose III’s reign?
all the way to the 6th Cataract
Who erected a stelae infant of the sphinx declaring themselves king?
Thutmose IV
When did Thutmose IV rule?
1398-1388 BCE
What religious change occurred during the first half of the 14th century?
Aten was associated with the pharoah instead of Amun-Re
What is the Colossi of Memnon?
Amenhotep III’s mortuary temple with a huge statue of himself that in the past would whistle when the wind blew through its’ cracks
Who is Queen Tiye?
Amenhotep III’s wife and a high priestess
What is the temple of Luxor?
the only temple built for a king not a god that depicts Amenhotep III’s divine birth
When did Amenhotep IV rule?
1352-1335 BCE
What does the Great Hymn of Aten do for the religion of Aten?
first time Aten is described as the SOLE god
Where does Amenhotep IV move the capital from and to?
from Thebes to halfway between the Quena bend and Delta in Akhetaten
What does Amenhotep IV change his name to?
Akhenaten
What does Akhenaten mean?
sole one of aten
What was Akhenaten placed where it was?
the sun lined up between two mountains on the horizon
What was the first open air temple?
Aten temple
How was the Aten temple and Akhenaten built?
quickly using fragments of other buildings and poor care for the laborers
What is the ureaus and how is it related to Aten?
a cobra that the sun disc is depicted wearing
What is at the end of the rays of the Aten sun disc?
hands
How does communication occur with Aten during Akhenaten’s rule?
through the king and queen
Who was Akhenaten’s queen?
Nefertiti
Who may grant access to the afterlife under Akhenaten’s rule?
only Akhenaten, the pharaoh
Where was Akhenaten buried?
East bank of the desert valley in Akhenaten
What happened to Akhenaten’s grave?
it was smashed
What does Nefertiti change her name to under the religion of Aten?
Neferneferuaten
Describe Neferneferuaten’s rule?
As co regent and for a short period of time after her husbands death
What was Tutankhamun’s birth name?
Tutankhaten
Who does Tutankhamun marry?
his half sister Ankhesenamun
What does Tutankhamun do regarding religion during the fifth year of his rule?
reinstates the cult of Amun
Where does Tutankhamen move the capital during his rule?
back to Memphis which is symbolic of old Egyptian traditions
Who is Ay?
Tutankhamen’s vizier who takes over after his death
At what age does Tutankhamen die?
18/19 years old
Who is Horembeh?
Ay’s son that ruled as pharoah and held a good military standing for Egypt
Which pharaohs from dynasty 18 were omitted from the kings list of dynasty 19?
Nefertiti, Akhenaten, Smenkhara, Tutankhamen, and Ay
How was Tutankhamen’s existence discovered?
An embalmers kit was found bearing his cartouche
What signified if a sistrum is held by a king or diety?
power
What is unique about Egyptian dieties compared to any other religion?
it is the only religion that includes animal human hybrids as gods
The only non part animal Egyptian deities
Osiris, Amun-Re, Aten, and Ptah
How much of Egyptian land was dedicated to temples and maintaining them?
1/3
What portion of Egyptian people had occupations relating to the church?
1/5
Who could commission a large 3d sculpture?
only the temple or palace
What part of the Karnak temple could ordinary Egyptians access?
The forecourt at the front of the temple and the hearing ear at the back
What is a votive?
an offering
What would an ordinary Egyptian in the forecourt of the temple of Karnak?
pray and leave votives
What is the hearing ear?
A stelae with a carved ear where Egyptians would speak to the gods
What is the Beautiful Festival of the Valley?
the boat of Amun Re is brought from the East bank of the Karnak temple to the West Bank were the mortuary chapels were
What does the festival of Opet celebrate?
the Egyptian new year and the king’s divine birth
What is done during the festival of Opet?
the statues of Amun-Re and his wife are carried down the avenue of the sphinx’s to the Luxor temple and then returned to their chapels
Describe the hypostyle hall of the Temple of Karnak
a vaulted ceiling with criss crossing beams that allow beams of light to enter, the amount of light decreases as you get farther in the temple
What is the job of the Wab priest?
to care for the cult statue by unsealing the shrine during the day, dressing the statue, and purifying and feeding it multiple times a day
How many months did a Wab priest work and not work?
works for 1 month and has a break for 3
What are some requirements of priests of active duty?
cannot have sex and must be circumcised
What were the roles of priestesses
generally singing, dancing and music
Who is the God’s Wife of Amun
a female relative of the Pharaoh that acts as the high priestess of temple of Amun-Re
Who named the first God’s Wife of Amun?
Ahmose
How did private households practice religion?
offerings, shrines, and minifigurines in the home
Who is Bastet
the cat deity associated with family
Who is Renenutet
a cobra god that protects harvests from pests
What does the Say priest preside over?
magic and medicine
What does the Hot-priest preside over?
reading the stars
What does the scroll carrier in a temple preside over?
the archives
What is the purpose of the Ka priest?
to make offerings to Ka
Who is Heka?
the god of magic
From what are the powers of an amulet derived from?
shape, color, or words spoken over it
What are textual amulets?
small pieces of papyrus inscribed with small phrases, tied, and wrapped with the mummy
What is faience?
an inexpensive material that can be pressed into shape to mass produced amulets
How were Ushabti used in the Old Kingdom?
1 was buried per deceased representative of the body
How were Ushabti used in the Middle Kingdom?
Many ushabtis were buried with each deceased to serve them in the afterlife
What was the ideal number of ushabtis in a tomb of the Middle Kingdom?
365, one for each day of the year
What is magically symbolic about a knot securing things?
serves as protection
The knot’s relation to Isis and Nepthys?
They knotted cords when resurrecting Osiris and then tied their hair together to unite the East and West Bank of the Nile
How were knots used in the book of the dead?
4 are used to pull the deceased to the deites and 7 are tied for protection against demons
What does it mean when 2 ends of a cord surround someone/thing
it is binding the enemy or tying a curse to them
How can a knot pertain to two people?
sexually uniting them
What does it mean when figure is pointing a finger or four fingers?
they are casting a spell
Can spells be removed?
no, they must have an anecdote spell
What is the water spell and how is it used?
protection from crocodiles by herders and from crocodile demons in the afterlife
What is a libation ritual?
pouring of a liquid as an offering or in memory
What liquids were used during Egyptian libation rituals?
water, beer, wine, milk
How was the cult statue cleansed
a libation ritual using water
With what vesicle was the liquid of a libation ritual poured?
a libation dish
What was water poured over the Cippus stelae used for?
a curative remedy for oral or topical use
How are magic and medicine related?
medicine was a combination of medical practices and magical spells
What is a magic brick?
a brick inscribed with spells of protection buried with the deceased
Though curses were uncommon in Egypt, how were they most commonly used for tombs?
high officials would inscribe curses for those that enter their tomb after committing an impure act
How did stelae protect property?
blessings were inscribed for those that provided offering, curses were inscribe for those who disturb
What are execration texts?
curses not/related to tombs or burials meant for enemies
How were execration text curses performed?
the name of the enemy would be written and “they will die” and then the list would be destroyed to enact the curse
Who could perform execration text curses?
anyone
What is the meaning behind imagery of a Pharaoh smiting a foreign enemy?
It was thought to help Egyptians control to enemy
How did the Pharoah employ imagery of their enemies symbolically dominate them?
depicted them on canes, sandals, or foot stoles
