Exam 2 Flashcards
The predynastic period spanned over what dates?
5000-3050 BCE
The protodynastic period encompassed what dynasty number and spanned over what dates?
dynasty 0; 3100-3050 BCE
The early dynastic period encompassed what dynasties and spanned over what dates?
dynasties 1 & 2; 3030-3050 BCE
The old kingdom period encompassed what dynasties and spanned over what dates?
dynasties 3-8; 2663-2160 BCE
The first intermediate period encompassed what dynasties and spanned over what dates?
dynasties 9-11a; 2160-2040 BCE
The Middle Kingdom period encompassed what dynasties and spanned over what dates?
dynasties 11b-14; 2066-1650 BCE
The second intermediate period encompassed what dynasties and spanned over what dates?
dynasties 15-17; 1650-1535 BCE
The new kingdom period encompassed what dynasties and spanned over what dates?
dynasties 18-20; 1549-1069 BCE
The third intermediate period encompassed what dynasties and spanned over what dates?
dynasties 21-25; 1064-656 BCE
Which period had did the pharaoh have the greatest royal power?
The old kingdom
How was government organized in the old kingdom?
A vizier guided the king, commoners and skilled professionals worked for the state as corvee labor
What dynasty were the Giza pyramids built?
Dynasty 4
What is significant about the 5th dynasty?
the state loses power over its’ provinces which start governing themselves, building their own temples including the cult of Re, and noble’s have their own cemeteries not by the king
Where was Pepy II buried?
Sakkara
What dynasty did Pepy II become pharaoh and how long did he rule?
Dynasty 6; 94 years
When did Pepy II’s rule end?
2200 BCE
Why did royal power decline during Pepy’s rule and at the end of the old kingdom period?
Nile floods causing famines and pressure on the border by nomads
Why did Egypt separate, starting the first intermediate period?
drought, instability, regional competition, and internal war
How was Egyptian government organized during the first intermediate period?
into 2 states
What is characteristic about art of the dark period?
no monumental or state focused art was produced because of the lack of specialists and art that was produced looked cartoonish
What is the Ipuwer papyrus?
lamentation texts describing the suffering of the dark period/first intermediate period
During what major period was the dark period?
the first intermediate period
What began the Middle Kingdom period?
Mentuhotep II leads upper Egypt and unifies Egypt
Where did Mentuhotep II establish a capital?
Thebes
What are 2 signature monumental structures of the Middle Kingdom period?
Temple of Amun-Re and the Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II
What is the beautiful festival of valley in Thebes?
a yearly celebration of Amun-Re and the dead
What period is known as the golden age and why?
the Middle age because lots of mapping, writing, science, and math developments were made
Who is Amenenmhat I?
the uncontested founder of Dynasty 12
Where did Amenenmhat I move Egypt’s capital?
Ijt tawy, located between upper and lower Egypt to support the unification
What is significant about the city Kahun?
It is a planned city with various types of homes and quarters for other classes
What is significant about the end of Amenemhat’s rule?
He was the first to officially name a crown prince
What happens to Nubia during the Middle Kingdom period?
Egypt places a fort in it and annexes it for gold
Hieroglyphs are a script, how is that different from a language?
they are a visible form of communication; interpreted not read
On what bank of the Nile are temples placed in the Middle Kingdom?
The east bank
On what entrance of a temple is the akhet hieroglyph placed?
the east entrance
What does the “akhet” hieroglyph represent?
a sun coming up over mountains; a horizon
According to Egyptians, how did hieroglyphs come about?
Thoth the god gifts magical power to scribes who hold the key to power of hieroglyphs
When did female scribes arise?
the New Kingdom
Who went to scribal school in the Middle Kingdom period?
sons of wealthy families
When was the first evidence of writing in Egypt and what was it?
3000-6000 BCE; rock art
What period did hieroglyphs originate from and for what purpose?
Predynastic to keep track of things
What is Kephri and what is he the god of?
a human with with a scarab head; god of the morning sun
What is Anubis and what is the god of?
a human with a jackal head; god of embalming and guide for the dead
Who is Anubis the son of?
Horus
What did priests wear during funeral practices?
leopard skin
What is a mortuary/funerary chapel?
a room in a mastaba or grave structures for for ceremonies
What is the cult of the deceased?
bring offering and sustenance to the Ka statue and perform ceremonial practices
What is the Ka?
an element of the soul; the twin soul that Khnum forms on the potter’s wheel with each person’s birth
Which two of the four soul elements requires sustenance?
the Ka and Ba
What is the Ba and how is it represented?
an element of the soul; represented as human headed bird
What is the Ba’s purpose?
to travel between the mortuary complex and burial complex; maintaining a connection between the living and the dead
What is the Akh represented as?
An Ibis bird hieroglyph
What is the Akh and its purpose?
An element of the soul; transformation of the deceased that leads the way to the afterlife
What is the šwt?
a part of the soul; shown as a shadow that protects the deceased
What are sarcophagi and what period did they originate from?
human shaped coffin; New Kingdom period
Who could get to the afterlife in the Old Kingdom?
Only the pharaoh
How did the pharaoh reach the afterlife in the Old Kingdom?
secret spells and incantation inscribed in pyramid walls
Who could reach the afterlife in the Middle Kingdom?
the pharaoh and those that could afford a funeral
What is the “book of two ways?’
hieroglyphs and drawings inside coffins of the Middle Kingdom depicting demons and the path to the afterlife
What kind of coffins were frequently used during the Middle Kingdom?
wooden
What is the “book of the dead?”
scrolls buried with the deceased during the New Kingdom instructing them how to reach the afterlife
What is the papyrus of Ani?
An intact book of the dead from the New Kingdom
What is the heart scarab?
a large beetle charm inscribed with a testimony vouching for the individual being judged in the afterlife
What is ammit and what is she patron goddess of?
She is hippo with a leopardi upper body and crocodile head; death and execution
What is Thoth’s head depicted as?
An ibis or baboon
What is the final resting place of the afterlife?
The field of reeds
What is an ushabti?
a figurine placed in tombs that serves as a servant in the field of reeds
How did the Egyptians discover mummification?
natural processes in the arid environment preserved bodies naturally
Describe mummification of the predynastic period?
wrapping deceased in linens and burying them in the ground
How were bodies placed in coffins during the protodynastic period?
on their left sides
What was significant about burials of the protodynastic period?
differences in graves based on social hierarchies and introduction of the afterlife
What was the first evidence of preservation?
Djer’s arm from the Early Dynastic period
From when were the first mummies?
2300 BCE
Describe the mummies of the early Middle Kingdom period?
painted with wedjat eyes, a mask on the mummy, and individually wrapped limbs
When was mummification an all around standard process?
the Middle Kingdom period
How many days did mummification take according to a fourth dynasty inscription?
270 days
Who was the first to describe the mummification process?
Herodotus
What is step 1 of mummification?
priests preform ritual washing of the body in a temple
What is step 2 of mummification?
Removing abdominal organs and places them in canonic jars
What tool is used to remove the brain during mummification?
the brain hook
Does the brain hold significance to Egyptians?
no
What is step 3 of mummification?
drying out the body using natron and salt
What is natron and where is found?
a natural salt occurring over all of Egypt
What is step 4 of mummification?
stuffing the body with linen, sawdust, natron, resin, onion, etc.
What is the last step of mummifcation?
wrapping the body in linens using either resin or bitumen to seal them
What is unique about mummies of the Ptolemaic period?
fingers are individually wrapped, glass eyes, and fold are orderly placed on the face
What are amulets used for in mummification?
they are wrapped within the linens and depicts deities, their symbols, and limbs
What are canonic jars?
commonly simple jars used to store organs, in newer period they are cultured after Horus’ sons
What is significant about the mummy of the wife of Sneferu?
It was the first mummy to have its organs removed
What did Egyptians mummify besides themselves?
animals including cats, crocodiles, jackals and others
What is mũmiyã?
Arabic for bitumen of embalmed corpse
What is mumia?
medicine made from bitumin
When was bitumen popular with Europeans and what was it used for?
the medieval period for epilepsy, gout, internal bleeding, headaches
What occurred in 18th century Europe related to bitumen?
grave robbing due to Egyptian export restrictions
When did European tourism of Egypt become popular and why?
19th century due to descriptions of Napoleon’s explorations
When was the first antiquities law and export ban passed in Egypt?
1835
When did marketing with mummies begin? Example?
around early 1900s; palm olive
What was the first moving picture themed about Egypt?
Robbing Cleopatra’s Tomb (1899)
What was the first mummy movie depicting the common damsel in distress theme?
Misfortunes (1900)
When was king Tut’s tomb discovered?
1920
How did King Tut’s tomb discovery affect media?
reignited interest in egypt
How did dynasty 12 end?
A daughter of Amenemhat IV becomes pharaoh and does not have any succesors
When was the original “The Mummy” made and who was the main character
1932, Imhotep a mummy/priest
When did asian people first arrive in Egypt?
1800 BCE
What are Hyksos?
Immigrants into Egypt from Asia
What is Sopdu god of?
master of foreign lands
What technologies did Hyksos bring to Egypt?
composite bow, bronze, and horse drawn carraiges
How did the second intermediate period begin?
Hyksos put pressure on North and stole Delta and Nubians separate themselves, collapsing previously unified Egypt
What are frescos?
wall painting done by greek painters for Hyksos
Why does Ramssess III create piles of Hyksos hands?
they did the same the the eyptians
With who do the Hyksos temporarily hold part of Egypt?
partnering with the Nubians
Who reunified Egypt at the end of the Second Intermediate period?
Amhose
When was Egypt reunified?
1500s BCE
How did Amhose reunify Egypt?
Used bronze and rallied Egyptian forces against Hyksos
What was the place where men learned to write called?
House of Life
What is the Book of Kemyt
a book of the New Kingdom containing a formula for writing used to teach scribes
Who was educated in writing?
only the wealthy or sons or scribes
What is considered the center of the universe for Egyptians?
the Nile and Egypt itself
What was the Egyptian calendar based on?
the annual movement of the moon and stars
What signified the Egyptian new year?
Sirius, a morning-star in mid-July
How man seasons did Egyptians have?
three
How many days long was the Egyptian calendar?
365 days
Describe Hieratic writing
a shorthand form of hieroglyphs used for less formal texts than hieroglyphs
Describe Demotic writing
used for all functions of writing
