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methods > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

another word for between subjects

A

independent measures

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2
Q

another word for between subjects

A

repeated measure design

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3
Q

shared experiences

A

same person but random assignment in the order of conditions

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4
Q

advantages of within subjects

A

eliminates individual differences
no worrying about selection effects
fewer participants

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5
Q

disadvantages of within

A

experience variables
carryover effects (practice and fatigue)

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6
Q

how to rid of order effects

A

counterbalancing- flips the order to help reduce effects

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7
Q

complete counterbalancing

A

using every possible sequence

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8
Q

partial counterbalancing

A

use a subset of possibe sequences
maybe control 1st so you have a baseline then chnage the rest

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9
Q

latin square counterbalancing

A

blend between complete and partial

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10
Q

concurrent measures- within

A

doing the same thing at the same time so all levels are at the same time

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11
Q

threats to internal validity

A

confounds
selection effects
order effect
attrition
maturation
history
regression to mean
testing
instrumentation
observer bias
demand characteristics
placebo effect

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12
Q

confounds

A

did we control varaibles?
an additional variabel that systemaically varies

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13
Q

selection effects

A

random assignment?
having different types of people in conditions

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14
Q

order effect

A

carryover effects
counterbalancing

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15
Q

attrition

A

group makes up changes over time b/c participants group out

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16
Q

maturation

A

improvement over time because of natural development or improvement
is there a comparison group?

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17
Q

history

A

an external factor that affects most/all members og a group
comparison group

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18
Q

regression to the mean

A

when extreme scores at pretest change over time b/c the events that caused the scores do not recur the same way
comparison group

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19
Q

testing

A

a type of order effect: a group changes over time b/c of repeated testing

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20
Q

instrumentation

A

a group changes over time b/c the measurement instrument changes
codebook?

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21
Q

observer bias

A

researcher expectancy influences the measurments in one group
are they blind to purpose?

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22
Q

demand characteristics

A

participants guess what the study is about and change their behavior

23
Q

placebo effect

A

improve b/c believe they are being helped
comparison group?

24
Q

what is the purpose of external validity?

A

the extent to which the results generalize
do the results of the study apply beyond the study?

25
Q

mundane realism

A

the extent to which the events in the study capture, mimic or happen in the real world

26
Q

psychological realism

A

the extent to which the psychological processes are the same as they occur under normal circumstances

27
Q

is internal or external validity often prioritized?

A

internal

28
Q

can you have both internal and external validity?

A

yes but it’s hard to get both

29
Q

exact replication

A

do everything the exact same

30
Q

conceptual replication

A

still trying to answer the same research question but if i change one aspects of the EV will i get the same result?

31
Q

replication plus extension

A

do study 1- copying it exactly
do study 2- slightly change it and see if it matches

32
Q

pilot test

A

a study conducted to ensure that a new procedure works as planned

33
Q

reasons not to ddraw the blanket conclusion

A

1) experiments need not to seem artificial
2) often conducted to learn about psychological processes that are likely to operate in a variety of people and situations

34
Q

operationalization

A

the conversion from RQ ti experiemnt design

35
Q

is a correlational experiment high or low in IV?

A

low

36
Q

is an experimental deign high or low in IV?

A

high

37
Q

most research subjects are….

A

WERID
western
educated
industrialized
rich
democratic countries

38
Q

what causes biased samples?

A

1) easy to contact
2) able to contact
3) who invites themselves
b/c we tend to get extreme views

39
Q

good EV

A

unbiased/probability
random
representative sample

40
Q

unknown EV

A

biased samples
non-probability samples
unrepresentative

41
Q

sampling characteristics

A

population
sampling frame
sample
representative sample- relfects the important characteristics of a pop.

42
Q

non-probability sampling

A

convience
self-selected
quota- not random but chosen according to specific purposes/goals
snowball

43
Q

probability sampling

A

simple random sampling-each member of pop. has equal chance of beung selected
stratified random
clsuter sampling- find ways ppl are already divided and then sample from those groups

44
Q

what are the 2 types of stratified random sampling

A

1) proportioate- ensures the sample matches the proportion of that subgroup in the pop.
2) didproportionate- sampling a bit higher than the representation of the pop to ensure a big enough sample to draw conclusions about that aub group

45
Q

what causes sampling bias?

A

response rate

46
Q

what is response rate

A

% of cases who participate in a survet out of all those selected into the sample
can create non-reponses bia

47
Q

what is non-response bias

A

attitudes/bleifs of responders differ frim thise who didnt respond

48
Q

threats to external validity

A

sampling bias
history
experimenter/situation bias
testing effects- same as IV

49
Q

sampling bias

A

the sample is not representative of the pop.

50
Q

experimenter/situation bias

A

factors like setting, time of day, location etc. limits generalizability to findings

51
Q

how to counter EV threats

A

replications- do it for other settings
field experiments-counter testing and situation effects by using natural contexts
probability sampling- counters selection bias

52
Q

reasons a study might not replicate

A

1)null effects-there really is no effect, or first study got it wrong or maybe the thing is just too hard to measure
2) failure to adequtely control exprimental conditions

53
Q

types of EV

A

population/sample
study, measures time, etc.
ecological- real world setting

methods (4 decks)

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