exam 3

Question 1

another word for between subjects

Answer 1

independent measures

Question 2

another word for between subjects

Answer 2

repeated measure design

Question 3

shared experiences

Answer 3

same person but random assignment in the order of conditions

Question 4

advantages of within subjects

Answer 4

eliminates individual differences
no worrying about selection effects
fewer participants

Question 5

disadvantages of within

Answer 5

experience variables
carryover effects (practice and fatigue)

Question 6

how to rid of order effects

Answer 6

counterbalancing- flips the order to help reduce effects

Question 7

complete counterbalancing

Answer 7

using every possible sequence

Question 8

partial counterbalancing

Answer 8

use a subset of possibe sequences
maybe control 1st so you have a baseline then chnage the rest

Question 9

latin square counterbalancing

Answer 9

blend between complete and partial

Question 10

concurrent measures- within

Answer 10

doing the same thing at the same time so all levels are at the same time

Question 11

threats to internal validity

Answer 11

confounds
selection effects
order effect
attrition
maturation
history
regression to mean
testing
instrumentation
observer bias
demand characteristics
placebo effect

Question 12

confounds

Answer 12

did we control varaibles?
an additional variabel that systemaically varies

Question 13

selection effects

Answer 13

random assignment?
having different types of people in conditions

Question 14

order effect

Answer 14

carryover effects
counterbalancing

Question 15

attrition

Answer 15

group makes up changes over time b/c participants group out

Question 16

maturation

Answer 16

improvement over time because of natural development or improvement
is there a comparison group?

Question 17

history

Answer 17

an external factor that affects most/all members og a group
comparison group

Question 18

regression to the mean

Answer 18

when extreme scores at pretest change over time b/c the events that caused the scores do not recur the same way
comparison group

Question 19

testing

Answer 19

a type of order effect: a group changes over time b/c of repeated testing

Question 20

instrumentation

Answer 20

a group changes over time b/c the measurement instrument changes
codebook?

Question 21

observer bias

Answer 21

researcher expectancy influences the measurments in one group
are they blind to purpose?

Question 22

demand characteristics

Answer 22

participants guess what the study is about and change their behavior

Question 23

placebo effect

Answer 23

improve b/c believe they are being helped
comparison group?

Question 24

what is the purpose of external validity?

Answer 24

the extent to which the results generalize
do the results of the study apply beyond the study?

Question 25

mundane realism

Answer 25

the extent to which the events in the study capture, mimic or happen in the real world

Question 26

psychological realism

Answer 26

the extent to which the psychological processes are the same as they occur under normal circumstances

Question 27

is internal or external validity often prioritized?

Answer 27

internal

Question 28

can you have both internal and external validity?

Answer 28

yes but it's hard to get both

Question 29

exact replication

Answer 29

do everything the exact same

Question 30

conceptual replication

Answer 30

still trying to answer the same research question but if i change one aspects of the EV will i get the same result?

Question 31

replication plus extension

Answer 31

do study 1- copying it exactly do study 2- slightly change it and see if it matches

Question 32

pilot test

Answer 32

a study conducted to ensure that a new procedure works as planned

Question 33

reasons not to ddraw the blanket conclusion

Answer 33

1) experiments need not to seem artificial 2) often conducted to learn about psychological processes that are likely to operate in a variety of people and situations

Question 34

operationalization

Answer 34

the conversion from RQ ti experiemnt design

Question 35

is a correlational experiment high or low in IV?

Answer 35

low

Question 36

is an experimental deign high or low in IV?

Answer 36

high

Question 37

most research subjects are....

Answer 37

WERID western educated industrialized rich democratic countries

Question 38

what causes biased samples?

Answer 38

1) easy to contact 2) able to contact 3) who invites themselves b/c we tend to get extreme views

Question 39

good EV

Answer 39

unbiased/probability random representative sample

Question 40

unknown EV

Answer 40

biased samples non-probability samples unrepresentative

Question 41

sampling characteristics

Answer 41

population sampling frame sample representative sample- relfects the important characteristics of a pop.

Question 42

non-probability sampling

Answer 42

convience self-selected quota- not random but chosen according to specific purposes/goals snowball

Question 43

probability sampling

Answer 43

simple random sampling-each member of pop. has equal chance of beung selected stratified random clsuter sampling- find ways ppl are already divided and then sample from those groups

Question 44

what are the 2 types of stratified random sampling

Answer 44

1) proportioate- ensures the sample matches the proportion of that subgroup in the pop. 2) didproportionate- sampling a bit higher than the representation of the pop to ensure a big enough sample to draw conclusions about that aub group

Question 45

what causes sampling bias?

Answer 45

response rate

Question 46

what is response rate

Answer 46

% of cases who participate in a survet out of all those selected into the sample can create non-reponses bia

Question 47

what is non-response bias

Answer 47

attitudes/bleifs of responders differ frim thise who didnt respond

Question 48

threats to external validity

Answer 48

sampling bias history experimenter/situation bias testing effects- same as IV

Question 49

sampling bias

Answer 49

the sample is not representative of the pop.

Question 50

experimenter/situation bias

Answer 50

factors like setting, time of day, location etc. limits generalizability to findings

Question 51

how to counter EV threats

Answer 51

replications- do it for other settings field experiments-counter testing and situation effects by using natural contexts probability sampling- counters selection bias

Question 52

reasons a study might not replicate

Answer 52

1)null effects-there really is no effect, or first study got it wrong or maybe the thing is just too hard to measure 2) failure to adequtely control exprimental conditions

Question 53

types of EV

Answer 53

population/sample study, measures time, etc. ecological- real world setting