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Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

5 methods of knowing

A

1) intuition- feels like you know something or that it may work
2) rationalism
3) experience
4) authority
5) scientific method- proves to work

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2
Q

intuition

A

instinct
confirmation and overconfidence bias
illusory correlations and availability heuristic
failing to think about what we cannot see

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3
Q

confirmation bias

A

ask biased questions
focus on evidence we like best
falls under intuition

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4
Q

overconfidence bias

A

falls under intuition
biased about being biased
if we feel like we know something our confidence goes up

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5
Q

illusory correlations

A

notice superstitions, patterns or habits
ex: watching a football game, when u leave the room they score so you stay out of the room
falls under intuition

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6
Q

availability heuristic

A

falls under intuition
heard more about= may be more likely to happen

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7
Q

how does intuition get us in trouble?

A

gets us in trouble through bias in motivation (we have a preference to confirm what we already know), focus on what we like best

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8
Q

rationalism

A

using logic and reason to make decisions
relies on premises to make conclusions

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9
Q

ways rationalism fails us?

A

premises might be faulty
people are not good at it
research doesnt show our rationalism

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10
Q

contact comfort theory

A

w/ the monkeys
have attachment because of comfort provided

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11
Q

cupboard theory

A

w/monkeys
provides needs therefore there is an attachment

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12
Q

what makes a good theory (4 things)?

A

1) supported by data
2) falsifiable
3) parsimonious- aka simple
4) weight of evidence- lots of studies=more weight

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13
Q

how to distinguish pseudoscience (4 things) ?

A

1) associates w/science but does not progress like science
2) relies on anecdotal evidence
3) sidesteps disproof
4) reduces complex phenomena to overly simplistic concepts

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14
Q

4 scientific cycles (“layers”)

A

1) theory data cycle-( systematic empiricism), theory, run experiment, etc.
2) basic applied research- basic= simple questions to build knowledge applied= how do we build on our knowledge through research?
3) peer review cycle- scholarly article, says “received, revised, accepted”
4) journal to journalism- scientist puts out their paper and the paper helps inform others

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15
Q

3 goals of scientific research

A

1) description- (frequency claims), describe something, make a claim
2) prediction- (association claims- correlational studies), there’s a link between 2 things so you make a prediction
3) explanation- (casual claims-experiments)

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16
Q

empirical studies

A

original research
sections of the article reflect the stages of the research process

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17
Q

literature reviews

A

offer criticial syntheses of existing literature
may be narrative or meta-anayltic in nature

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18
Q

theoretical articles

A

present development of a theory
may use evidence to support theory

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19
Q

methological articles

A

new research or data analytic methods
may use actual or simulated data to demonstrate methods

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20
Q

case studies

A

materials obtained from single case

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21
Q

theory

A

interrelated concepts that explains a body of data, allows us to make future predictions, explains established data and generates predictions

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22
Q

what makes a good theory?

A

supported by data, simple, falsifiable, weighted

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23
Q

hypothesis

A

a specific prediction, statement between 2 variables

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24
Q

what makes a good hyopthesis?

A

1) logical- based on existing research
2) testable- must be able to observe and gather data
3) positive prediction- predicting a relationship
4) refutable/ falsifiable- able to gather evidence where you can refute hypothesis

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25
what are the primary ethical principles?
Justice beneficence Autonomy
26
justice
any decision to include/exclude particpants must be justified scientifically
27
beneficence
maximize benefits and minimize harm cost benefit anyalsis
28
autonomy
treated as autonomous and capable decison makers informed consent protection of vulnerable populations deception and debriefing
29
misrepresentation of data ( 4 things)
reporting research results plagiarism fidelity and responsibility integrity
30
animal ethical principles (5 things)
replacement-use alternative methods to avoid use of animals refinement-refine techniques to minimize pain and suffering reduction-minimize the # of procedures or animals used rehabilitation-provide care and rehab after study repayment- donation to speices, acknowledgment
31
constructs
mental abstractions conceptual subjective not directly observable ex: depression
32
variables
an attribute that varies
33
conceptual defintion
dictionary definition
34
operational defintion
define the variables of a hypothesis in a measured way
35
what are the 3 common types of measures?
self report behavioral/observational physiological
36
what are the scales of measurement (4 things)?
NOIR nominal ordinal interval ratio
37
frequency claims
goal is to explain 1 variable, stating something
38
association claim
2 variables that are related predicting measured
39
causal claims
1 variable manipulated 1 measured explaining one variable is causing something
40
correlation coefficient
number representing the strength and direction of correlation
41
causal claims (3 things)
covariance- A is related to B, predictable relationship temporal precedence- A came before B Eliminate confounds( internal validity)- rule out other variations, "3rd variable"
42
confounding variables
systematically differ, provide alternative explanation
43
extraneous variables
bringing in your own life history, cant control
44
non-experimental research designs
relationships studied by making observations or measuring variables as they exist naturally ex: descriptive studies case studies naturalistic observations surveys interviews
45
experimental study description
direct manipulation and control of variables, then measuring response
46
3 reliability measurements
1) test-retest 2)interrater 3) internal consistency
47
test-retest
attained when measures of performance are similar
48
interrater
the amount of agreement
49
internal consistnecy
degree to which you're consistent with yourself
50
internal validity
the degree to which we can say A, rather than some other variable is responsible for effect B
51
external validity
degree to which the results of the study generalize to the larger population or other situations applies to all claims
52
criteria for establishing internal validity
1) covariance 2) temporal precedence 3) eliminate confounds
53
statistical validity
extent to which statistical conclusions are accurate and reasonable
54
construct validity
degree to which the measurement accurately measures a theoretical construst
55
validity of measurements
construct validity- how well our operationalization is measuring what is supposed to be measured subjective empirical
56
branches of subjective
face and construct validity
57
empirical branches
criterion convergent discriminent (divergent)
58
face validity
the extent to which the a measurement method appears on its face to measure the construct of interest
59
content validity
the extent to which a measure covers the construct of interest does my measure cover the whole definition? looking at past studies
60
criterion validity
the extent to which people's scores on a measure are correlated with other variables that one would expect them to be correlated with how well does our measure correlate? predict and concurrent
61
convergent validity
the extent to which people's scores on a measure are correlated with other measures of the same construct how well does our measure correlate with existing known measures
62
discriminant validity
the extent to which scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptually distinct compare to something that we wouldn't expect a relationship with

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