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Methods > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

5 methods of knowing

A

1) intuition- feels like you know something or that it may work
2) rationalism
3) experience
4) authority
5) scientific method- proves to work

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2
Q

intuition

A

instinct
confirmation and overconfidence bias
illusory correlations and availability heuristic
failing to think about what we cannot see

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3
Q

confirmation bias

A

ask biased questions
focus on evidence we like best
falls under intuition

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4
Q

overconfidence bias

A

falls under intuition
biased about being biased
if we feel like we know something our confidence goes up

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5
Q

illusory correlations

A

notice superstitions, patterns or habits
ex: watching a football game, when u leave the room they score so you stay out of the room
falls under intuition

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6
Q

availability heuristic

A

falls under intuition
heard more about= may be more likely to happen

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7
Q

how does intuition get us in trouble?

A

gets us in trouble through bias in motivation (we have a preference to confirm what we already know), focus on what we like best

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8
Q

rationalism

A

using logic and reason to make decisions
relies on premises to make conclusions

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9
Q

ways rationalism fails us?

A

premises might be faulty
people are not good at it
research doesnt show our rationalism

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10
Q

contact comfort theory

A

w/ the monkeys
have attachment because of comfort provided

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11
Q

cupboard theory

A

w/monkeys
provides needs therefore there is an attachment

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12
Q

what makes a good theory (4 things)?

A

1) supported by data
2) falsifiable
3) parsimonious- aka simple
4) weight of evidence- lots of studies=more weight

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13
Q

how to distinguish pseudoscience (4 things) ?

A

1) associates w/science but does not progress like science
2) relies on anecdotal evidence
3) sidesteps disproof
4) reduces complex phenomena to overly simplistic concepts

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14
Q

4 scientific cycles (“layers”)

A

1) theory data cycle-( systematic empiricism), theory, run experiment, etc.
2) basic applied research- basic= simple questions to build knowledge applied= how do we build on our knowledge through research?
3) peer review cycle- scholarly article, says “received, revised, accepted”
4) journal to journalism- scientist puts out their paper and the paper helps inform others

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15
Q

3 goals of scientific research

A

1) description- (frequency claims), describe something, make a claim
2) prediction- (association claims- correlational studies), there’s a link between 2 things so you make a prediction
3) explanation- (casual claims-experiments)

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16
Q

empirical studies

A

original research
sections of the article reflect the stages of the research process

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17
Q

literature reviews

A

offer criticial syntheses of existing literature
may be narrative or meta-anayltic in nature

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18
Q

theoretical articles

A

present development of a theory
may use evidence to support theory

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19
Q

methological articles

A

new research or data analytic methods
may use actual or simulated data to demonstrate methods

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20
Q

case studies

A

materials obtained from single case

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21
Q

theory

A

interrelated concepts that explains a body of data, allows us to make future predictions, explains established data and generates predictions

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22
Q

what makes a good theory?

A

supported by data, simple, falsifiable, weighted

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23
Q

hypothesis

A

a specific prediction, statement between 2 variables

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24
Q

what makes a good hyopthesis?

A

1) logical- based on existing research
2) testable- must be able to observe and gather data
3) positive prediction- predicting a relationship
4) refutable/ falsifiable- able to gather evidence where you can refute hypothesis

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25
Q

what are the primary ethical principles?

A

Justice
beneficence
Autonomy

26
Q

justice

A

any decision to include/exclude particpants must be justified scientifically

27
Q

beneficence

A

maximize benefits and minimize harm
cost benefit anyalsis

28
Q

autonomy

A

treated as autonomous and capable decison makers
informed consent
protection of vulnerable populations
deception and debriefing

29
Q

misrepresentation of data ( 4 things)

A

reporting research results
plagiarism
fidelity and responsibility
integrity

30
Q

animal ethical principles (5 things)

A

replacement-use alternative methods to avoid use of animals
refinement-refine techniques to minimize pain and suffering
reduction-minimize the # of procedures or animals used
rehabilitation-provide care and rehab after study
repayment- donation to speices, acknowledgment

31
Q

constructs

A

mental abstractions
conceptual
subjective
not directly observable
ex: depression

32
Q

variables

A

an attribute that varies

33
Q

conceptual defintion

A

dictionary definition

34
Q

operational defintion

A

define the variables of a hypothesis in a measured way

35
Q

what are the 3 common types of measures?

A

self report
behavioral/observational
physiological

36
Q

what are the scales of measurement (4 things)?

A

NOIR
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

37
Q

frequency claims

A

goal is to explain
1 variable, stating something

38
Q

association claim

A

2 variables that are related
predicting
measured

39
Q

causal claims

A

1 variable manipulated 1 measured
explaining
one variable is causing something

40
Q

correlation coefficient

A

number representing the strength and direction of correlation

41
Q

causal claims (3 things)

A

covariance- A is related to B, predictable relationship
temporal precedence- A came before B
Eliminate confounds( internal validity)- rule out other variations, “3rd variable”

42
Q

confounding variables

A

systematically differ, provide alternative explanation

43
Q

extraneous variables

A

bringing in your own life history, cant control

44
Q

non-experimental research designs

A

relationships studied by making observations or measuring variables as they exist naturally
ex: descriptive studies
case studies
naturalistic observations
surveys
interviews

45
Q

experimental study description

A

direct manipulation and control of variables, then measuring response

46
Q

3 reliability measurements

A

1) test-retest
2)interrater
3) internal consistency

47
Q

test-retest

A

attained when measures of performance are similar

48
Q

interrater

A

the amount of agreement

49
Q

internal consistnecy

A

degree to which you’re consistent with yourself

50
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to which we can say A, rather than some other variable is responsible for effect B

51
Q

external validity

A

degree to which the results of the study generalize to the larger population or other situations
applies to all claims

52
Q

criteria for establishing internal validity

A

1) covariance
2) temporal precedence
3) eliminate confounds

53
Q

statistical validity

A

extent to which statistical conclusions are accurate and reasonable

54
Q

construct validity

A

degree to which the measurement accurately measures a theoretical construst

55
Q

validity of measurements

A

construct validity- how well our operationalization is measuring what is supposed to be measured
subjective
empirical

56
Q

branches of subjective

A

face and construct validity

57
Q

empirical branches

A

criterion
convergent
discriminent (divergent)

58
Q

face validity

A

the extent to which the a measurement method appears on its face to measure the construct of interest

59
Q

content validity

A

the extent to which a measure covers the construct of interest
does my measure cover the whole definition?
looking at past studies

60
Q

criterion validity

A

the extent to which people’s scores on a measure are correlated with other variables that one would expect them to be correlated with
how well does our measure correlate?
predict and concurrent

61
Q

convergent validity

A

the extent to which people’s scores on a measure are correlated with other measures of the same construct
how well does our measure correlate with existing known measures

62
Q

discriminant validity

A

the extent to which scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptually distinct
compare to something that we wouldn’t expect a relationship with

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