EXAM 3 Flashcards
the start of the middle ages marks the end of the ________
Classical World
when do the middle ages end?
at the beginning of the Renaissance
what time period is especially characterized by religious subject matter?
middle ages
“late antiquity” marks what transition?
polytheistic to monotheistic beliefs
what were the 3 main monotheistic religions of the time?
Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
describe deity in Jewish art
God the Father is not depicted in art (out of reverence)
describe deity in Christian art
do not worship idols: some sects do not include deity in art to honor the 2nd commandment
describe deity in Islamic art
Allah is not depicted in art, and there are rarely human forms in Islamic art
earliest christian paintings are found in the __________
catacombs
the roman empire split and the east and west ___________…
East: becomes byzantine; Greek Orthodox Church
West: follows the Roman Catholic Church
what are Icons?
Paintings of saints on wood which were conduits to heavenly power
what art form was particularly common in byzantine churches?
Mosaics- reflect light
common element used in mosaics? why/how?
gold. reflects light, cemented in with the mosaic- very difficult for people to steal
name other characteristics of the byzantine church art
very 2D. emphasized line rather then volume; floating figures; flat small spaces; no background- no particular time or place indicated
describe the manuscripts of the middle ages
very detailed and beautifully decorated often by monks
what was the purpose of pilgrimages?
religious devotion: travel to places where relics were kept or
Sites of important religious events
symbolism in medeval churches
pictures illustrating bible stories
why is this significant?
many common people were illiterate, they could be religiously enlightened by the pictures
what are the some of the main characteristics of Gothic architecture
Increased height
rib vaults
flying buttresses
large glass stained windows
how is religion/spirituality incorporated into art?
representations of spiritual communion (with deity or ancestors), illustration of sacred stories, or Intermediaries between people and deities
what religious entity required gold backgrounds for icons?
Greek Orthodox
what is paint in it’s most basic form?
pigment suspended in a liquid binder which dries after it has been applied
what is Ecaustic paint?
Pigment mixed in hot wax binder
what are Fayum portraits?
encaustic paintings from the Roman Egypt era (most found in Fayum Oasis)
Describe Tempra paint
pigment mixed in egg (different artists prefer different parts of the egg)
true or false: tempera pain is best mixed fresh for each painting
true
during the renaissance, artist used ______ as binder for tempra painting
yolk
tempra is usually applied with ____ brush strokes which lends it to
short; detail
describe fresco painting
pigment mixed with water applied to fresh lime=plastered surface
describe oil painting
pigment mixed in oil (linseed oil or flax seed oil)
what does impasto mean?
oil painting applied in thick portions of paint
what is characteristic of impasto painting?
you are going to have a 3D image
describe Acrylic paint
pigment mixed with acrylic polymer resin
Acrylic paint has only been used since the _____
1950’s
describe water color and gouache
pigment suspended in water with a sticky binder, usually gum arabic
what makes gouache different from water color?
an additive (usually chalk) makes the paint opaque
how is white implemented in to water color/ gouache?
that area is simply not painted on
true or false: there is no such thing as white water color or gouache
false: white gouache is used to paint over areas that have become too dark
how is ink painting different from ink drawing?
ink painting has a binder
true or false: artists sometimes incorporate ink into their water color paintings
true: enhances richness of color
_________ is one of the oldest painting techniques
spray paint
what is a tag?
an alias name used by graffiti artists
describe Buddhism:
teachings
practice
goal/focus
- teachings of buddha
- acceptance of difficulties
- attain enlightment
describe Confucianism:
teachings:
practice
goal/focus
- based on the teachings of Confucius
- self-discipline
- ancestral worship
describe Daoism
teachings
practice
goal/focus
- teachings of Lao Zi
- balance of opposites
- harmony with the universe
describe some main characteristics of hinduism
Reincarnation
Karma
Polytheistic
describe some main characteristics of Islam
Belief in a single God (Allah)
Follow the teachings of the Koran
describe some main characteristics of Shinto
Belief in Kami (spirits in nature)
Ancestral worship
what are some defining characteristics of indian art?
Very detailed and elaborate decoration
Emphasis on human body
Often sensual
Suggestive of fertility
Buddha’s remains are buried where?
in 8 stupas at locations significant to his life
bodhisattva
one who has achieved nirvana but choose who stay and help other people
describe some characteristics specific to chinese art
Reveals respect for heritage and ancestral worship
Encourages an inspired meditative state
Generally uniform, symmetrical, and precise
name the “Three Perfections”
1) calligraphy
2) painting
3) poetry
_______ should be experienced as a journey and not all at once
scroll paintings
describe the chinese beliefs regarding the afterlife and death
- ancestral worship
- buried fine objects with the dead
- believed the dead moved on to become super natural beings
Japanese art
Reveals great reverence for nature
Often asymmetrical and organic
Contemplative to promote meditation
what is the name of the japanese tea ceremony?
Chanoyu
what is the purpose of Chanoyu?
To find peace, quiet conversation, connect with earthly elements
describe the setting of Chanoyu
all natural materials, simple, colors from nature
what is a continuers narrative?
when different parts of a story are shown within the same visual space
why is print making significant to the art world?
in the past, the creation of art had to have been commissioned by someone of nobility/great wealth. Artists made a one of a kind piece and it had the fit the request of the commissioner.
Print making makes art more affordable. Artists can afford to make what art they want and can sell it for less to the masses- they can send messages through art and the masses can be exposed.
japanese woodblock prints
Ukiyo-e
what does Ukiyo-e mean? what is their purpose?
“Pictures of The Floating World”
meant to capture ordinary moments in life; based on the idea that life is fleeting
japanese philosophy about balance in all things
Yin and Yang
where did prints first appear?
china
original print
original work of the author
edition
The production of two or more identical images, signed and numbered by the artist
what are the 3 main method of printmaking?
relief
intaglio
planography
true or false: a piece is only considered original work if the author actually did the whole process (not just oversees the project)
false: original work if the author creates the idea and oversees production and signs it
what is relief printmaking?
carving away from a block of a suitably workable material, such as wood or linoleum, a certain amount of it, to create a raised image
describe the process of relief printmaking?
applies ink to the raised surface and transfers the image to paper or similar material by applying pressure in a printing press
traditional material for relief prints- these are called
wood; woodcuts
describe intaglio printmaking
some material is removed from block and ink is applied. Ink is then wiped away: depressions are left inked while raised parts of the block are clean (opposite of relief prints)
engraving
method of intaglio printmaking. clean cut lines made into metal surface
drypoint
method of engraving (intaglio): rough lines created by pulling the cutting tool through material
etching
method of intaglio printmaking: plate is covered with acid-resitant coating and then artist scratches in the design; plate is immersed in acid
aquatint
method of intaglio printmaking: use of acid and resistant coating- image is blurred and organic looking
mezzotint
method of intaglio printmaking: whole surface is roughened and then artist creates lighter areas by smoothing parts of the image (ink applied and then wiped away from smooth areas)
Lithography is traditionally done in __________
stone
describe the process of lithography
An artist first draws a design, using a grease pencil or other oil-based drawing material, directly onto a piece of specially selected, cleaned, and prepared limestone
advantage of lithography
stone can be wiped clean and used again
silk screen
The image area of the screen is open and allows ink to pass through, while the rest of the screen is masked off
monotypes or monoprints
are print techniques where the artist means to produce a unique image
another name for lithography
planography
visual communication
the use of symbols to communicate information and ideas
traditional visual communication has been known as _________
graphic design
who were the first to employ symbols to communicate ideas?
ancient Mesopotamians
expound on the evolution of graphic design
- symbols/pictures to communicate
- form a language
- western alphabets
- calligraphy (alphabet+layered expressive meaning)
- illuminated manuscripts (middle ages: pictures+writing
Graphic design
the art of improving visual communication design
typography
The visual form of printed letters, words, and text
a carefully designed piece of type, called a logotype, that is unique and easily identified
Logos
why are logos important?
recognizable even from distance, different languages, educations, or cultures
images created to inform as well as to embellish the printed page
Illustration
art of organizing type, logos, and illustrations in traditional print media
Layout design
One of the main considerations in layout design is _________
spacing
interactive design added to layout design
web design
