exam #3 Flashcards
septa
divides up the shell of cephalopods and the body segments of annelids
siphuncle
connects the chambers of a cephalopod shell; a vascularized strand of tissue contained within a tube of calcium carbonate. allows liquid and gas to be transported between chambers. helps with buoyancy
closed circulatory system
blood flows through and remains in arteries, veins, and capillaries instead of entering the body cavity then going back into the heart
branchial hearts of squid
there is one associated with each gill
pumps blood to gills to get oxygen
photophores
light organs in cephalopods that are arranged in specific patterns on the body allowing them to perform bioluminescence
chromatophores
tiny colored cells that can expand and contract under control of the brain to alter the coloration of cephalopods
systemic heart of squid
pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
tagmatization
fusion of body segments (tagma(ta)) of arthropods so some have 2 body segments while some have 3
epicuticle
the waxy, water-impermeable layer of arthropods so gas exchange can not occur across the surface yet prevents arthropods from being dehydrated
procuticle
the chitin and protein layer of arthropods to provide support for the animal and aid in movement
sclerotization
formation of cross-linkages between protein chains which “hardens” the cuticle and thus exoskeleton: tanning
ostia
phyla Mollusca and arthropoda
performations of the arthropod heart into which blood from the hemocoel flows through
ecdysis
the arthropod process of removing the existing exoskeleton as a new one is forming
pedipalps
the second pair of appendages on arachnids used for grabbing/killing/reproduction
chelicerae
the first appendages on the prosoma of chelicerates/arachnids that are adapted for feeding
tracheal system
the internalized gas exchange system of insects/arachnids
spiracles
the opening of the arachnid/insect tracheal system that can open and close to prevent water loss
malpighian tubules
some arthropods
an excretory organ present in some arthropods
allows for some water reabsorption
ocelli
simple light detecting organs, usually occurring alone or in small clusters (insects)
ommatidia
the many individual units that make up the compound eyes of insects that are capable of forming images, and each has a narrow field of view
metamerism
arthropods and annelids
repeated segmentation and partitioning of coelomic compartments separated by septae
nephridium
the complex system of annelids that is closely related with blood vessels. it can draw out and filter coelomic fluid for waste
annelid class polychaeta
marine, complex head, repeated body segments, parapodia, gonochoristic, trochophore larvae
parapodia
outgrowths of the polychaete body wall that increase the animal’s exposed surface area and can function in both gas exchange and locomotion - can act like oars
errantia
actively moving predator polychaetes
they have jaws and a protrusible pharynx
sedentaria
tubicolous or burrowing polychaetes
ex. sabellids and serpulids
deposit feeder
polychaetes that use tentacles or mucus mechanisms to gather food particles
suspension feeders
polychaetes using ciliated tentacles or mucus nets in a burrow to filter food from the water
epitoky
in polychaetes, a form of differentiation for sexual reproduction where an epitoke breaks off to mate but the atoke remains in the burrow
annelid class clitellata
terrestrial/FW
loss of parapodia
hermaphroditic
pronounced clitellum
2 subclasses
clitellata subclass oligochaeta
lacks parapodia
reduced setae - used to anchor for movement
gas exchange via diffusion
movement by peristaltic waves
peristaltic wave
earthworms and sea cucumbers
the alternation between contracting longitudinal muscles anchoring the body as it gets fatter, then contracting circular muscles to lengthen body making it skinnier and moving it whichever direction
chloragogue tissue
in oligochates
surrounds the gut and major blood vessels
is “liver-like” in synthesizing fat and glycogen
clitellata subclass hirundinea
more FW or terrestrial
lack setae
body not separated into compartments
continuous coelomic space filled with mesenchyme
ectoparasites/carnivorous
oral/caudal suckers
annelid class pogonophora
gut tissue forms trophosome
segmentation only in rear portion
tube-dwelling near hydrothermal vents
perviates and vestimentiferans
trochophore larva
trophosome
an organ forms in pogonophores that fills with chemosynthetic bacteria that can synthesize chemicals into needed energy for growth as there is no digestive system
cephalic lobe
pogonophore
a beard consisting of many ciliated tentacles, and an area that secretes a chitinous tube in which the worm lives
annelid class echiura
muscular organs from rectum to coelomic space to discharge waste
sandy/muddy burrows in shallow marine water
proboscis for gathering food
no specialized respiratory organs
why is class echiura considered annelids
metanephridia
trunk not segmented but embryos have segmented coelomic pouches
setae posterior to proboscis
trochophore larva
madreporite
the opening of the water vascular system in echinoderms
ampullae
bulb-like structures equipped with tube feet in echinoderms
the terminal point of water flow into the arms
papulae
projections between the spines and plates of echinoderms that function in gas exchange and excretion
pedicellariae
movable jaws in echinoderms that function in the removal of unwanted organisms/debris from the surface and can capture prey
bursae grooves
unique to brittle stars and are on the oral surface
function in gas exchange and waste elimination
test
the shell that an echinoids body is enclosed in
may have spines on it
has holes for tube feet to protrude from
aristotle’s lantern
a complex chewing apparatus of sea urchins allowing them to scrape algae off of rocks
respiratory trees
the branching structures of sea cucumbers that function for gas exchange
crown
class Crinoidea
portion of body attached to the stalk
bears a number of arms
