exam 3

Question 1

life history

Answer 1

decisions or rules about events in an individuals life that impacts its reproductive success with the goal of maximizing fitness

examples include: age of maturity, lifespan, body size, growth rate, number of offspring, parental care, and frequency of reproduction

Question 2

principle of allocation

Answer 2

how resources are divided up for different goals such as growth and development vs breeding

Question 3

rate of living hypothesis

Answer 3

aging is inevitable, and most organisms have already reached their physiological limits to resist and repair damage
not true because it means a longer lifespan cant be selected for

Question 4

evolutionary hypothesis

Answer 4

a trade off exists between allocation of energy to reproduce vs to repair

Question 5

mutation accumulation

Answer 5

very weak selection on deleterious alleles that have affects later in life

Question 6

antagonistic pleiotropy

Answer 6

alleles that are advantageous early in life but are deleterious later in life may be selected for

Question 7

bet hedging

Answer 7

having less than the optimal number of offspring in case a hard year hits and a large group cant be supported

Question 8

coevolution

Answer 8

evolving in ways that benefit more organisms than just oneself

Question 9

hygiene hypothesis

Answer 9

exposure to bad bacteria is beneficial to development of a healthy immune system

Question 10

introgression

Answer 10

breeding across species lines

Question 11

insipient species

Answer 11

on the way to speciation

Question 12

biological species concept

Answer 12

based on reproductive isolation, defines a species as a group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals reproductively isolated from other organisms

Question 13

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 13

based on evolutionary relationships, the smallest irreducible cluster of organisms that contain all descendants from a common ancestor

Question 14

cryptic species

Answer 14

a single species that was phylogenetically distinguished into several species

Question 15

prezygotic barriers

Answer 15

prevent fertilization, ecology, mechanical, behavior, gametic incompatibility

Question 16

postzygotic barriers

Answer 16

after fertilization, zygotic mortality, hybrid unviability, hybrid sterility

Question 17

anagenesis

Answer 17

over time a species can change

Question 18

cladeagenesis

Answer 18

one species gave rise to 2

Question 19

allopatric speciation

Answer 19

a population is divided often by a geographical barrier giving rise to 2 new species

Question 20

sympatric speciation

Answer 20

divergence while still in each others presence

Question 21

parapatric speciation

Answer 21

the divided population has a hybrid zone

Question 22

peripatric speciation

Answer 22

form of allopatric speciation where a small population is cut off from the rest

Question 23

vicariance

Answer 23

method of allopatric speciation in which the population is split by a geographical barrier

Question 24

dispersal

Answer 24

founder effect, a group leaves forming a new population

Question 25

secondary contact

Answer 25

diverged population comes back together and either interbreeds and comes back to one, or fails to interbreed establishing a new species

Question 26

reinforcement

Answer 26

natural selection finalizes speciation when two groups interbreed at second contact and produce infertile offspring generating positive assortive mating

Question 27

cline

Answer 27

gradient in phenotypic traits due to genetics over a geographic range

Question 28

stepped cline

Answer 28

more abrupt change in phenotypic traits requiring a very specific set of conditions; required for parapatric speciation

Question 29

cambrian explosion

Answer 29

evolution of virtually all animal phyla in a period of 100 million years prior to which life was primarily unicellular; occured due to global uptick in oxygen

Question 30

adaptive radiation

Answer 30

as size increases the ability to fill new niches arose giving rise to a wide variety of new taxa in the cambrian explosion

Question 31

macroevolution

Answer 31

changes above the species level

Question 32

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 32

long periods of stasis followed by short periods of rapid change explaining the stark changes in the fossil record as opposed to gradual

Question 33

species selection

Answer 33

some taxa will have characteristics such as a high rate of speciation or low rate of extinction making them more likely to appear on the fossil record proposed by gould

Question 34

competitive displacement

Answer 34

hypothesis to the rise and fall of taxa in which a new taxa outcompeted the original

Question 35

independent replacement

Answer 35

the rise of the new taxa has nothing to do with the fall of the first

Question 36

red queen hypothesis

Answer 36

organisms are in a constant race and battle with every living thing

Question 37

the great dying

Answer 37

the permian extinction, wiped out 90% of life in the ocean and 75% of life on land; created the global nickel anomaly depositing nickel all over the globe

Question 38

lilliput effect

Answer 38

after a mass extinction there is a trend towards smaller body size due to the ability to mature and reproduce more quickly

Question 39

copes rule

Answer 39

between extinctions there is a trend towards larger body size to evade predators and catch prey

Question 40

stretch DC8 mutations

Answer 40

small mutations in regulatory genes that can cause drastic phenotypic change

Question 41

regulatory genes

Answer 41

code for transcription factors that turn on and off other genes for development

Question 42

heterochrony

Answer 42

change in the rate of development of a cell line relative to other cell lines such as somatic vs. germ cells

Question 43

paedomorphosis

Answer 43

type of heterochrony resulting in reproduction at an earlier stage wither by increased rate of development of germ cells - progenesis; or delayed rate of development in somatic cells - neotomy

Question 44

allometry

Answer 44

relationship between growth of individual body parts

Question 45

hox genes

Answer 45

a group of regulatory genes common in all animals found in the homeobox

Question 46

orthologs

Answer 46

the same gene found in different organisms

Question 47

paralogs

Answer 47

the same genes in the same species due to a gene duplication event