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principles of evolution > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

life history

A

decisions or rules about events in an individuals life that impacts its reproductive success with the goal of maximizing fitness

examples include: age of maturity, lifespan, body size, growth rate, number of offspring, parental care, and frequency of reproduction

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2
Q

principle of allocation

A

how resources are divided up for different goals such as growth and development vs breeding

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3
Q

rate of living hypothesis

A

aging is inevitable, and most organisms have already reached their physiological limits to resist and repair damage
not true because it means a longer lifespan cant be selected for

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4
Q

evolutionary hypothesis

A

a trade off exists between allocation of energy to reproduce vs to repair

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5
Q

mutation accumulation

A

very weak selection on deleterious alleles that have affects later in life

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6
Q

antagonistic pleiotropy

A

alleles that are advantageous early in life but are deleterious later in life may be selected for

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7
Q

bet hedging

A

having less than the optimal number of offspring in case a hard year hits and a large group cant be supported

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8
Q

coevolution

A

evolving in ways that benefit more organisms than just oneself

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9
Q

hygiene hypothesis

A

exposure to bad bacteria is beneficial to development of a healthy immune system

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10
Q

introgression

A

breeding across species lines

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11
Q

insipient species

A

on the way to speciation

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12
Q

biological species concept

A

based on reproductive isolation, defines a species as a group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals reproductively isolated from other organisms

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13
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

based on evolutionary relationships, the smallest irreducible cluster of organisms that contain all descendants from a common ancestor

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14
Q

cryptic species

A

a single species that was phylogenetically distinguished into several species

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15
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

prevent fertilization, ecology, mechanical, behavior, gametic incompatibility

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16
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

after fertilization, zygotic mortality, hybrid unviability, hybrid sterility

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17
Q

anagenesis

A

over time a species can change

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18
Q

cladeagenesis

A

one species gave rise to 2

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19
Q

allopatric speciation

A

a population is divided often by a geographical barrier giving rise to 2 new species

20
Q

sympatric speciation

A

divergence while still in each others presence

21
Q

parapatric speciation

A

the divided population has a hybrid zone

22
Q

peripatric speciation

A

form of allopatric speciation where a small population is cut off from the rest

23
Q

vicariance

A

method of allopatric speciation in which the population is split by a geographical barrier

24
Q

dispersal

A

founder effect, a group leaves forming a new population

25
Q

secondary contact

A

diverged population comes back together and either interbreeds and comes back to one, or fails to interbreed establishing a new species

26
Q

reinforcement

A

natural selection finalizes speciation when two groups interbreed at second contact and produce infertile offspring generating positive assortive mating

27
Q

cline

A

gradient in phenotypic traits due to genetics over a geographic range

28
Q

stepped cline

A

more abrupt change in phenotypic traits requiring a very specific set of conditions; required for parapatric speciation

29
Q

cambrian explosion

A

evolution of virtually all animal phyla in a period of 100 million years prior to which life was primarily unicellular; occured due to global uptick in oxygen

30
Q

adaptive radiation

A

as size increases the ability to fill new niches arose giving rise to a wide variety of new taxa in the cambrian explosion

31
Q

macroevolution

A

changes above the species level

32
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

long periods of stasis followed by short periods of rapid change explaining the stark changes in the fossil record as opposed to gradual

33
Q

species selection

A

some taxa will have characteristics such as a high rate of speciation or low rate of extinction making them more likely to appear on the fossil record proposed by gould

34
Q

competitive displacement

A

hypothesis to the rise and fall of taxa in which a new taxa outcompeted the original

35
Q

independent replacement

A

the rise of the new taxa has nothing to do with the fall of the first

36
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

organisms are in a constant race and battle with every living thing

37
Q

the great dying

A

the permian extinction, wiped out 90% of life in the ocean and 75% of life on land; created the global nickel anomaly depositing nickel all over the globe

38
Q

lilliput effect

A

after a mass extinction there is a trend towards smaller body size due to the ability to mature and reproduce more quickly

39
Q

copes rule

A

between extinctions there is a trend towards larger body size to evade predators and catch prey

40
Q

stretch DC8 mutations

A

small mutations in regulatory genes that can cause drastic phenotypic change

41
Q

regulatory genes

A

code for transcription factors that turn on and off other genes for development

42
Q

heterochrony

A

change in the rate of development of a cell line relative to other cell lines such as somatic vs. germ cells

43
Q

paedomorphosis

A

type of heterochrony resulting in reproduction at an earlier stage wither by increased rate of development of germ cells - progenesis; or delayed rate of development in somatic cells - neotomy

44
Q

allometry

A

relationship between growth of individual body parts

45
Q

hox genes

A

a group of regulatory genes common in all animals found in the homeobox

46
Q

orthologs

A

the same gene found in different organisms

47
Q

paralogs

A

the same genes in the same species due to a gene duplication event

principles of evolution (4 decks)

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