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principles of evolution > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sampling error

A

Difference between what you expect and what you get; basis of genetic drift

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2
Q

Deterministic models

A

Always have the same result assuming the population is constant and has non overlapping generations

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3
Q

Stochastic models

A

Produce different results every time due to randomness

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4
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random changes in gene frequencies in a pop every generation; must be random; will eventually lead to extinction or fixation of an allele

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5
Q

Polymorphic

A

Features that vary among a population

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6
Q

Selectionist

A

Polymorphisms often differentiate metabolic performance giving one individual advantage

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7
Q

Neutralist

A

Many polymorphisms have no evolutionary value based on mathematical studies

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8
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A large population goes through some event resulting in a decrease in genetic variation

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9
Q

Founder effect

A

A small group of immigrants establishes a new population with decreased genetic diversity
Ex: old order Amish had a high rate of polydactyly

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10
Q

Gene flow

A

Movement of genes through populations due to migration which holds species together and decreases speciation

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11
Q

Positive assortive mating

A

Mating with phenotypically similar individuals including inbreeding

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12
Q

Negative assortive mating

A

Mating with phenotypically dissimilar individuals; less common; more common in plants

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13
Q

Gametophytic self incompatibility

A

Inability to mate with oneself or close relatives

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14
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

Inbreeding increases the frequency of homozygotes exposing hidden deleterious alelles

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15
Q

Molecular clock

A

Constant rate of evolution in any organism

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16
Q

Genotype network

A

Possibilities for neutral mutations before mutating into a new protein; the ability to explore genotypic space

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17
Q

Epistasis

A

Interactions between genes at 2 or more loci leading the phenotype to differ from expected based on the genotype

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18
Q

Specific gene combinations

A

Fitness of a genotype at a specific locus depends on the genotype at one or more other loci

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19
Q

Linkage disequilibreum

A

Non random association of alleles at 2 or more loci

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20
Q

Supergenes (Co adapted gene complexes)

A

If 2 or more linked genes act as a unit there can be selection to maintain disequilibrium and prevent crossing over; the closer 2 loci are on a chromosome the less likely crossing over is to occur

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21
Q

Correlated selection

A

Because of the relationship between traits, selection on one trait is dependent on the selection on another

22
Q

Heritability

A

Proportion of phenotypic variance in a trait due to genetic differences

23
Q

Adaptation

A

Multi generational accumulation of heritage traits that increase fitness

24
Q

Engineering analysis

A

Comparing adaptations in organisms to human engineering to find a purpose that solves a problem ex: owl wings

25
Q

Observation

A

Monitoring behavior to determine how certain adaptations are used ex: giraffe necks

26
Q

Experimental analysis

A

Manipulating traits to test their purpose typically the color or size

27
Q

Pre adaptation

A

Purpose changes over time

28
Q

Comparative method

A

Weak method: Compare organisms in similar environments; strong method: phylogenetically independent contrasts and comparisons considering evolutionary relationships

29
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

Ability to express different phenotypes from 1 genotype in response to environmental variation

30
Q

Reaction norm

A

Extent to which a genotype can express a variety of phenotypes

31
Q

Trade offs

A

Explanation for imperfect adaptation; compromise between competing demands ex: horses are fast but have fragile limbs

32
Q

Lack of available genetic variation

A

Explanation for imperfect adaptation; unless there is genetic variation it can’t be selected for

33
Q

Time lags

A

Explanation for imperfect adaptation; organisms are out of date adapted to yesterday’s environment

34
Q

Historical constraints

A

Explanation for imperfect adaptation; each evolutionary step must be an improvement over the previous step with no ability to design from scratch

35
Q

Developmental constraints

A

Explanation for imperfect adaptation; developmental pathways which are often sensitive to change may be restricted ex: flounder have a gill on the bottom

36
Q

Antagonistic pleiotropy

A

Explanation for imperfect adaptation; when 1 gene influences more than 1 trait one of which is beneficial to fitness and 1 of which is detrimental

37
Q

Functional selection

A

Explanation for imperfect adaptation; natural selection is often operating in multiple directions

38
Q

Arms race

A

Explanation for imperfect adaptation; everything else is evolving too

39
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Competing among males to monopolize access to females

40
Q

Sperm competition

A

Form of intrasexual selection; when females mate with multiple males sperm must compete to reach the egg ex: large testes, increased sperm count, prolonged copulation, copulation plugs,methods of removing sperm

41
Q

Infanticide

A

Method of intrasexual selection; killing a females offspring to mate with those females and produce their own offspring

42
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Males exchanging something like territory, food, or good genes to attract females

43
Q

Handicap hypothesis

A

Method of intersexual selection; Exggerated male traits are costly and handicap the male indicating high fitness allowing females to choose the healthiest looking males; must be honest indicators

44
Q

Red queen hypothesis

A

Method of intersexual selection; good genes are always changing with changing parasites and diseases so strong ornaments indicate health and that a male is resistant to the current parasites and diseases

45
Q

Differential allocation hypothesis

A

A female may increase investment in response to increased male attractiveness as an investment in lifetime fitness

46
Q

Assortive mating

A

Picking similar looking mates

47
Q

Kin selection

A

Opting to aid another couple in raising offspring if they are related to you

48
Q

Communal groups

A

Aid each other in foraging and defense; everyone in the group benefits

49
Q

Altruism

A

Helping others with no benefit to oneself, most likely never occurs

50
Q

Reciprocity

A

Aiding others in the hopes that they will help you in the future; cost to helper is low compared to gain of reciever; must be able to track social interactions and punish cheaters

principles of evolution (4 decks)

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