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principles of evolution > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sampling error

A

Difference between what you expect and what you get; basis of genetic drift

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2
Q

Deterministic models

A

Always have the same result assuming the population is constant and has non overlapping generations

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3
Q

Stochastic models

A

Produce different results every time due to randomness

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4
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random changes in gene frequencies in a pop every generation; must be random; will eventually lead to extinction or fixation of an allele

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5
Q

Polymorphic

A

Features that vary among a population

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6
Q

Selectionist

A

Polymorphisms often differentiate metabolic performance giving one individual advantage

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7
Q

Neutralist

A

Many polymorphisms have no evolutionary value based on mathematical studies

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8
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A large population goes through some event resulting in a decrease in genetic variation

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9
Q

Founder effect

A

A small group of immigrants establishes a new population with decreased genetic diversity
Ex: old order Amish had a high rate of polydactyly

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10
Q

Gene flow

A

Movement of genes through populations due to migration which holds species together and decreases speciation

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11
Q

Positive assortive mating

A

Mating with phenotypically similar individuals including inbreeding

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12
Q

Negative assortive mating

A

Mating with phenotypically dissimilar individuals; less common; more common in plants

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13
Q

Gametophytic self incompatibility

A

Inability to mate with oneself or close relatives

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14
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

Inbreeding increases the frequency of homozygotes exposing hidden deleterious alelles

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15
Q

Molecular clock

A

Constant rate of evolution in any organism

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16
Q

Genotype network

A

Possibilities for neutral mutations before mutating into a new protein; the ability to explore genotypic space

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17
Q

Epistasis

A

Interactions between genes at 2 or more loci leading the phenotype to differ from expected based on the genotype

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18
Q

Specific gene combinations

A

Fitness of a genotype at a specific locus depends on the genotype at one or more other loci

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19
Q

Linkage disequilibreum

A

Non random association of alleles at 2 or more loci

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20
Q

Supergenes (Co adapted gene complexes)

A

If 2 or more linked genes act as a unit there can be selection to maintain disequilibrium and prevent crossing over; the closer 2 loci are on a chromosome the less likely crossing over is to occur

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21
Q

Correlated selection

A

Because of the relationship between traits, selection on one trait is dependent on the selection on another

22
Q

Heritability

A

Proportion of phenotypic variance in a trait due to genetic differences

23
Q

Adaptation

A

Multi generational accumulation of heritage traits that increase fitness

24
Q

Engineering analysis

A

Comparing adaptations in organisms to human engineering to find a purpose that solves a problem ex: owl wings

25
Observation
Monitoring behavior to determine how certain adaptations are used ex: giraffe necks
26
Experimental analysis
Manipulating traits to test their purpose typically the color or size
27
Pre adaptation
Purpose changes over time
28
Comparative method
Weak method: Compare organisms in similar environments; strong method: phylogenetically independent contrasts and comparisons considering evolutionary relationships
29
Phenotypic plasticity
Ability to express different phenotypes from 1 genotype in response to environmental variation
30
Reaction norm
Extent to which a genotype can express a variety of phenotypes
31
Trade offs
Explanation for imperfect adaptation; compromise between competing demands ex: horses are fast but have fragile limbs
32
Lack of available genetic variation
Explanation for imperfect adaptation; unless there is genetic variation it can't be selected for
33
Time lags
Explanation for imperfect adaptation; organisms are out of date adapted to yesterday's environment
34
Historical constraints
Explanation for imperfect adaptation; each evolutionary step must be an improvement over the previous step with no ability to design from scratch
35
Developmental constraints
Explanation for imperfect adaptation; developmental pathways which are often sensitive to change may be restricted ex: flounder have a gill on the bottom
36
Antagonistic pleiotropy
Explanation for imperfect adaptation; when 1 gene influences more than 1 trait one of which is beneficial to fitness and 1 of which is detrimental
37
Functional selection
Explanation for imperfect adaptation; natural selection is often operating in multiple directions
38
Arms race
Explanation for imperfect adaptation; everything else is evolving too
39
Intrasexual selection
Competing among males to monopolize access to females
40
Sperm competition
Form of intrasexual selection; when females mate with multiple males sperm must compete to reach the egg ex: large testes, increased sperm count, prolonged copulation, copulation plugs,methods of removing sperm
41
Infanticide
Method of intrasexual selection; killing a females offspring to mate with those females and produce their own offspring
42
Intersexual selection
Males exchanging something like territory, food, or good genes to attract females
43
Handicap hypothesis
Method of intersexual selection; Exggerated male traits are costly and handicap the male indicating high fitness allowing females to choose the healthiest looking males; must be honest indicators
44
Red queen hypothesis
Method of intersexual selection; good genes are always changing with changing parasites and diseases so strong ornaments indicate health and that a male is resistant to the current parasites and diseases
45
Differential allocation hypothesis
A female may increase investment in response to increased male attractiveness as an investment in lifetime fitness
46
Assortive mating
Picking similar looking mates
47
Kin selection
Opting to aid another couple in raising offspring if they are related to you
48
Communal groups
Aid each other in foraging and defense; everyone in the group benefits
49
Altruism
Helping others with no benefit to oneself, most likely never occurs
50
Reciprocity
Aiding others in the hopes that they will help you in the future; cost to helper is low compared to gain of reciever; must be able to track social interactions and punish cheaters

principles of evolution (4 decks)

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