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FBS 114 Ethics > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q
  • 7.01 Design of Education and Training Programs
  • necessary skills programs must provide to their students
A

“Psychologists responsible for
education and training programs take
reasonable steps to ensure that the
programs are designed to provide the
appropriate knowledge and proper
experiences, and to meet the
requirements for licensure,
certification, or other goals for which
claims are made by the program.”

FBSers responsible for administering
academic programs must ensure
that:
*course requirements meet standards in
the relevant field
*students have sufficient clinical and
research experiences
…to meet the career outcome
goals articulated by the
program

Be aware of evolving APA
accreditation requirements for:
*externships
*and internships

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2
Q
  • 7.02 Descriptions of Education and Training Programs
  • accurate description of program, to who
  • requirement of participation in therapy
A

“Psychologists responsible for education and training
programs take reasonable steps to ensure that there is a current and accurate description of:
* the program content (including participation in required course-program-related counseling, psychotherapy, experiential groups, consulting projects, or community service),
* training goals and objectives,
* stipends and benefits,
* requirements that must be met for satisfactory
completion of the program.
This information must be made readily available to all interested parties.”

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3
Q

7.02 what needs to be kept up to date

A

*Requires FBSers to keep program
descriptions up-to-date regarding:
*required coursework and field experiences
*educational and career objectives
supported by the program
*current faculty or supervisory staff
*currently offered courses
*the dollar amount of available student
stipends/benefits, the process of applying
for these, and the obligations incurred by
trainees who receive stipends/benefits

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4
Q
  • 7.03 Accuracy in Teaching
  • changing course while in session
  • receive syllabus when
A

a) Psychologists take reasonable steps
to ensure that course syllabi are accurate
regarding the subject matter to be
covered, bases for evaluating progress,
and the nature of course experiences.
This standard does not preclude an
instructor from modifying course content
or requirements when the instructor
considers it pedagogically necessary or
desirable, so long as students are made
aware of these modifications in a manner
that enables them to fulfill course
requirements.”

*Modifications do not violate this
standard as long as:
*students are made aware of such
changes
*in a timely manner
*that enables them to fulfill
requirements without undue hardship

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5
Q
  • 7.04 Student Disclosure of Personal Information
  • types of information programs do and don’t have access to and why
A

“Psychologists do not require
students or supervisees to disclose
personal information in course- or
program-related activities,
(1) the program or training facility has
clearly identified this requirement in
its admissions and program materials
or
(2) the information is necessary to
evaluate or obtain assistance for
students whose personal problems
could reasonably be judged to be
preventing them from performing
their training- or professionally
related activities in a competent
manner or posing a threat to the
students or others.”

*Teaching and supervisory FBSers
may require disclosure of such
information only if
*admissions and program materials
have clearly identified they will be
expected to reveal such information

..FBSers are permitted to require
students to disclose the personal
information necessary to:
*help evaluate the nature of the problem
*and obtain assistance

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6
Q
  • 7.05 Mandatory Individual or Group Therapy
  • when can it be mandatory
  • who therapy from
A

allow students in
undergraduate and graduate
programs the option of selecting such
therapy from practitioners unaffiliated
with the program
Addresses privacy rights of students
*Does not prevent programs from
instituting a screening and approval
process for practitioners outside the
program whom students may see for
required psychotherapy

“(b) Faculty who are or are likely to be
responsible for evaluating students’
academic performance do not
themselves provide that therapy.

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7
Q
  • 7.06 Assessing Student and Supervisee Performance
  • information about assessment given when
A

(a) In academic and supervisory
relationships, psychologists establish
a timely and specific process for
providing feedback to students and
supervisees. Information regarding
the process is provided to the student
at the beginning of supervision.

*FBSers must inform students and
supervisees:
*when and how often they will be
evaluated
*the basis for evaluation
*the timing and manner in which
feedback will be provided

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8
Q
  • 7.07 Sexual Relationships with Students and Supervisees
  • what roles are and are not allowed to have sexual relationships
A

“Psychologists do not engage in
sexual relationships with students or
supervisees who are in their
department, agency, or training
center or over whom psychologists
have or are likely to have evaluative
authority
*Applies to anyone who is a student
or supervisee in the FBSer’s
department, agency, or training
center or over whom the FBSer
might be likely to have evaluative
authority
*Unethical multiple relationship (3.05)

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9
Q
  • Tuskegee Syphilis study
  • What happened
  • Ended when
  • Why ethical or unethical
A

-1932-1972 U.S. Public Health Service
*400 African-American males untreated for syphilis
*Men were told they were receiving “special treatment” (really receiving no treatment)
*Penicillin was available
*Letters “not to treat” inserted in medical and military files
*Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
*Study discontinued when reported in media

National Commission for the Protection of
Human Subjects of Biomedical and
Behavioral Research (1974-1978)
*Defines ethical principles to guide research

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10
Q
  • Belmont Report
  • What is it
  • Why created
A

Belmont Report (1978)
* Respect for persons (autonomy; informed
consent)
* Beneficence (do good)
* Justice (risks/benefits must be equitable;
selection)
The Belmont Report is one of the leading works concerning ethics and health care research. Its primary purpose is to protect subjects and participants in clinical trials or research studies. This report consists of 3 principles: beneficence, justice, and respect for persons.

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11
Q
  • Nuremberg Trials and Code
  • 10 principles
A

*“Conspiracy to perform medical
experiments upon concentration camp
inmates and other living human subjects,
without their consent…[resulting in]
murders, brutalities, cruelties, tortures,
atrocities, and other inhuman acts….”

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12
Q

1st principle Nuremberg Code

A
  1. Voluntary human consent is essential
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13
Q

2nd principle Nuremberg Code

A
  1. Experimental results should be good for
    society
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14
Q

3rd principle Nuremberg code

A
  1. Anticipated results should justify experiment
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15
Q

4th principle Nuremberg code

A
  1. Avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering
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16
Q

5th principle Nuremberg code

A
  1. No experiment if there is a chance of
    death/disability 8
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17
Q

6th principle Nuremberg code

A

Minimize risk of subjects

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18
Q

7th principle Nuremberg code

A

Proper preparations and facilities to protect subjects

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19
Q

8th principle Nuremberg code

A

Experiments conducted only by qualified persons

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20
Q

9th principle Nuremberg code

A

Subjects can withdraw at anytime

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21
Q

10th principle Nuremberg code

A

Terminate experiment if results are known or with best judgement

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22
Q
  • Publish or Perish
A

Pressure to publish academic work in order to succeed in an academic career

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23
Q
  • Recent interest in research ethics
A

*Why?
*Recent (and not so recent)
scandals/controversies
*Professional, institutional, federal
standards
* Tx of human, animal subjects
* Data fabrication
* Teacher - Student relationships/supervision
* Authorship

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24
Q
  • 8.01 Institutional Approval
  • IRB
  • Role of IRB
A

“When institutional approval is required, psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval prior to conducting the research. They conduct the research in accordance with the approved
research protocol.

25
Q

8.01 *What is needed before research can begin

A

*Four Requirements:
1. FBSers must know whether and from
whom institutional approval is
required
2. Applications for institutional review
must be accurate
3. Approval must be obtained before the
research is conducted
4. Research procedures must follow the
approved protocol

26
Q
  • 8.02 Informed Consent to Research
  • all elements of informed consent
A

(a) When obtaining informed consent as required
in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent,
psychologists inform participants about
(1) the purpose of the research, expected
duration, and procedures;
(2) their right to decline to participate and to
withdraw from the research once
participation has begun;
(3) the foreseeable consequences of declining
or withdrawing;
(4) reasonably foreseeable factors that may be
expected to influence their willingness to
participate such as potential risks,
discomfort, or adverse effects;
(5) any prospective research benefits;
(6) limits of confidentiality;
(7) incentives for participation; and
(8) whom to contact for questions about
the research and research participants’
rights. They provide opportunity for the
prospective participants to ask questions
and receive answers.

27
Q
  • 8.02 Informed Consent to Research
  • therapeutic misconception
A

Describes two common but incorrect beliefs held by participants regarding intervention research that randomly assigns participants to experimental treatment and control groups
1.Their individualized needs will be taken into account in condition assignment
2.There is a high probability that they will benefit from research participation

-Requires FBSers address such potential misconceptions during informed consent
-Does not prevent FBSers from describing direct benefits that may be derived from participation

28
Q
  • 8.02 Informed Consent to Research
  • if using experimental treatments what must be clarified
A

(1) the experimental nature of the treatment;
(2) the services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate;
(3) the means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made;
(4) available treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the research or wishes to withdraw once a study has begun; and
(5) compensation for or monetary costs of participating including, if appropriate, whether reimbursement from the participant or a third-party payor will be sought.”

29
Q
  • 8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research
  • when is it needed or not needed
A

“Psychologists obtain informed consent from research participants prior to recording their voices or images for data collection unless
(1) the research consists solely of naturalistic observations in public places, and it is not anticipated that the recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identification or harm, or
(2) the research design includes deception, and consent for the use of the recording is obtained during debriefing.”

30
Q

8.03 exceptions

A

Exceptions:
-Investigators may record the voices and images of persons without their consent if:
-observations occur in a public setting in which one would have no reasonable expectation of privacy
-procedures do not disturb or manipulate the natural surroundings and
-protections are in place to guard against personal identification and harm
-Investigators must seek permission to use recordings for data analysis from participants during debriefing, and recordings must be destroyed if the participant declines permission

31
Q
  • 8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research
  • when is it needed or not needed
A

(1) where research would not reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm and involves
(a) the study of normal educational practices, curricula, or classroom management methods conducted in educational settings;
(b) only anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observations, or archival research for which disclosure of responses would not place participants at risk of criminal or civil liability or damage their financial standing, employability, or reputation, and confidentiality is protected; or
(c) the study of factors related to job or organization effectiveness conducted in organizational settings for which there is no risk to participants’ employability, and confidentiality is protected or
(2) where otherwise permitted by law or federal or institutional regulations.”

32
Q

8.05 Consent in schools

A

Informed consent not needed:
comparisons of different instructional methods for academic topics (e.g. math)
and classroom management techniques or evaluation of educational placements
Informed consent needed:
Studies regarding the relationship between student personality traits or mental health disorders and school performance

33
Q

8.05 Anonymous Survey

A

-Informed consent information must be provided at beginning of survey
-Documentation of consent is not required because:
completing the survey, mailing it to the investigator, or submitting it via the Internet is considered evidence of voluntary consent
requiring identifying documentation would compromise participant anonymity

34
Q

8.05 Naturalistic and Archival Research

A

Informed consent is not required when:
-confidentiality is protected
-disclosure of responses would not place participants at legal, financial, or social risk
-research methods would not reasonably be expected to cause distress or harm

35
Q

8.05 Unique or Small communities

A

Consent required when:
-cases in which the uniqueness of the population studied increases the probability that anonymous, naturalistic, or archival procedures may not be sufficient to safeguard identification of participants or their immediate community

36
Q
  • 8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation
  • appropriate and inappropriate incentives
A

“(a) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to avoid offering excessive or inappropriate financial or other inducements for research participation when such inducements are likely to coerce participation.”
“(b) When offering professional services as an inducement for research participation, psychologists clarify the nature of the services, as well as the risks, obligations, and limitations.”

37
Q
  • 8.07 Deception in Research
  • when can it be used
  • when can’t it be used
A

“(a) Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless:
-they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study’s significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value
-and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible.”
“(b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress.”
“(c) Psychologists explain any deception that is an integral feature of the design and conduct of an experiment to participants as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their data (See also Standard 8.08, Debriefing).”

38
Q

8.07 Deception in Research

A

-Psychologists must permit participants to withdraw their data after learning about the deception.
-Psychologists are not required to ask participants if they want to withdraw their data; however, dehoaxing procedures should not preclude participants from making such a request.

39
Q
  • 8.08 Debriefing
  • what is it
  • when is it needed
A

-Debriefing procedures provide participants the opportunity to be informed about information not disclosed during the consent process (e.g. hypotheses of the research) and to ask questions about the research.
-As part of debriefing, psychologists should make a summary of the results of the research available to participants.
-May be done through mailings to participants, newsletters to the site at which the research occurred, websites describing study results, etc.

40
Q

8.08 Debriefing
When is it needed

A

“(a) Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware.”
“(b) If scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information, psychologists take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm.”
“(c) When psychologists become aware that research procedures have harmed a participant, they take reasonable steps to minimize the harm.”

41
Q
  • 8.12 Publication Credit
  • who gets authorship
  • who is responsible for article integrity
  • acknowledgements
  • minor contributions
A

“(a) Psychologists take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed.”
“(b) Principal authorship and other publication credits accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their relative status. Mere possession of an institutional position, such as department chair, does not justify authorship credit.
“(c) Except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student’s doctoral dissertation. Faculty advisors discuss publication credit with students as early as feasible and throughout the research and publication process as appropriate.”

42
Q

8.12 what determines order of authorship

A

All authors should meet the following three criteria:
Scholarship: Contribute significantly to conception, design, execution, and/or analysis and interpretation of data
Authorship: Participate in drafting, reviewing, and/or revising the manuscript for intellectual content
Approval: Approve the manuscript to be published

Definitions of authorship differ among disciplines and journals
Standards for “substantial” and “scholarly effort” may differ
But, be consistent with the appropriate professional association, and/or journal (publication) in which the work appears

43
Q

8.12 Lead author

A

If multiple authors, one author should be designated as lead
Lead author assumes overall responsibility for manuscript
Typically serves as managerial and corresponding author
Significant contribution to the research effort
Lead author is usually but not necessarily the PI
Lead author is responsible for:
Authorship: Including as co-authors all and only those who meet the authorship criteria
Approval: Provides draft manuscript to co-authors for review and consent
Integrity: Responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole, ensures that reasonable care and effort that all the data are complete, accurate, and reasonably interpreted

44
Q

8.12 minor contributions

A

-designing or building the apparatus
-suggesting or advising about the statistical analysis
-collecting or entering the data
-modifying or structuring a computer program
recruiting participants or obtaining animals (APA, 2001)

45
Q
  • 8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data
A

-Publishing multiple or piecemeal reports of different aspects of a single research project may be unethical without a reasonable theoretical, methodological, or practical justification for doing so
-In such cases, investigators should inform the editor of the publication where the manuscript was submitted about their plans for publishing different parts of the study

46
Q
  • 8.14 Sharing Research Data for Verification
A

“(a) After research results are published, psychologists do not withhold the data on which their conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose
“(b) Psychologists who request data from other psychologists to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis may use shared data only for the declared purpose. Requesting psychologists obtain prior written agreement for all other uses of the data.”

47
Q

8.14 Data cannot be used when:

A

to test related or peripheral hypotheses
or to develop new research or analytic techniques

…unless the psychologist obtains prior written agreement

48
Q
  • 10.01 Informed Consent to Therapy
  • early as feasible
  • how often
A

Uses the phrase “as early as is feasible” to indicate that in some cases, obtaining informed consent during the first therapy session may not be possible or clinically appropriate
E.g. when client is in crisis or suicidal during the first session
If, after several sessions, a client’s/patient’s treatment needs call for a shift to innovative techniques that have not been widely used or accepted by practitioners in the field, FBSers should follow the requirements of

49
Q

10.01 fee change

A

Discussion of fees must include:
cost of the therapy
types of reimbursement accepted (e.g. checks, credit card payments, etc.)
payment schedule
when fees are reevaluated (e.g. annual raise in rates)
policies regarding late payments and missed appointments

50
Q

10.01 new therapy that has not been established

A

“(b) When obtaining informed consent for treatment for which generally recognized techniques and procedures have not been established, psychologists inform their clients/patients of the developing nature of the treatment, the potential risks involved, alternative treatments that may be available, and the voluntary nature of their participation.”

51
Q
  • 10.03 Group Therapy
  • confidentiality
A

Decisions by members of a therapy group to disclose confidential information are neither:
-bound by professional codes
-nor subject to legal liability
-FBSers must take reasonable steps to clarify that they can request, but not guarantee, that all group members maintain the confidentiality of statements made during sessions

52
Q
  • 10.05 Sexual Intimacies with Current Therapy Clients/Patients
  • when okay and not okay
  • why prohibited
  • FBS professional most likely to engage in
A

“Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current therapy clients/patients.”
-Any sexual intimacy between FBSers and clients/ patients represents a violation of this standard regardless of whether:
-clients/patients initiated sexual contact
-or voluntarily or involuntarily responded to therapists’ overtures
-Nonsexual physical contact (handshakes or nonerotic hugging) is not a violation

53
Q
  • 10.07 Therapy with Former Sexual Partners
  • when okay and not okay
  • why prohibited
A

“Psychologists do not accept as therapy clients/patients persons with whom they have engaged in sexual intimacies.”

54
Q
  • 10.08 Sexual Intimacies with Former Therapy Clients/Patients
  • time after therapy that sexual intimacies is permissible
A

“(a) Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with former clients/patients for at least two years after cessation or termination of therapy.”
Two-year moratorium period rather than a permanent prohibition against sex with former clients/patients
because most complaints involving sexual intimacies with former clients/patients pertain to relationships that began during the first year following the cessation of therapy, and complaints about relationships that began two years post-therapy are infrequent

55
Q
  • 10.09 Interruption of Therapy
  • continuity of care and FBSer’s role
A

“When entering into employment or contractual relationships, psychologists make reasonable efforts to provide for orderly and appropriate resolution of responsibility for client/patient care in the event that the employment or contractual relationship ends, with paramount consideration given to the welfare of the client/patient.”
FBSers can comply with 10.09 by determining through preemployment discussions whether the organization, group practice, or other entity in which a work arrangement is being considered has policies designed to ensure continuity of care when a practitioner can no longer provide services

56
Q
  • 10.10 Terminating Therapy
  • pretermination counseling
  • what is it
  • who gets it
A

Pre-termination counseling includes:
providing clients/patients sufficient advance notice of termination (when possible)
discussing with the client/patient the reasons for the termination
encouraging the client/patient to ask questions regarding termination
providing referrals to alternate service providers when appropriate

57
Q

10.10 what is it?

A

“(a) Psychologists terminate therapy when it becomes reasonably clear that the client/patient
no longer needs the service,
is not likely to benefit,
or is being harmed by continued service.”

Applies when, during the course of therapy, it becomes reasonably clear that
client/patient is not responding to treatment
a newly uncovered aspect of the client’s/patient’s disorder is not amenable to the type of FBSer has been trained, or
client/patient is unwilling or unable to comply with treatment

58
Q

10.10 Allowed to terminate abruptly when?

A

“(b) Psychologists may terminate therapy when threatened or otherwise endangered by the client/patient or another person with whom the client/patient has a relationship.”
“(c) Except where precluded by the actions of clients/patients or third-party payors, prior to termination psychologists provide pretermination counseling and suggest alternative service providers as appropriate.”

FBS 114 Ethics (3 decks)

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