Exam 3 Flashcards
the transition from adolescence to adulthood
Emerging Adulthood
doing something to obtain something else (the activity is a means to an end)
Extrinsic Motivation
the internal motivation to do something for its own sake (the activity is an end in itself)
Intrinsic Motivation
passion and persistence in achieving long-term goals
Grit
positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships
Secure Attachment Style
hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once they are in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner
Avoidant Attachment Style
demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive
Anxious Attachment Style
our own attitudes and values are supported when someone else’s attitudes and values are similar to ours
Consensual Validation
although we may prefer a more attractive person in the abstract, in the real world we end up choosing someone who is close to our own level of attractiveness
Matching Hypothesis
has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates the early part of a love relationship
Romantic Love
the type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person
Affectionate Love
involves all three dimensions of love
Consummate Love
competent in multiple areas of life, showing a remarkable ability to bounce back from stressful circumstances and to create something meaningful out of problems
The Enhancers
average people coping with divorce; they showed some strengths and some weaknesses, some successes and some failures
The Good-Enoughs
these individuals were motivated to find new mates as soon as possible
The Seekers
people in this category often spent more time in singles bars and had more casual sex than their counterparts in other divorce categories
The Libertines
they had a successful career, an active social life, and a wide range of interests, but had little interest in sharing their lives with anyone else
The Competent Loners
some of these individuals had problems before their divorce, and these problems increased after the breakup when the added stress of a failed marriage was more than they could handle
The Defeated
goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more reflexive, practical, and more flexible
Postformal Thought
things are right or wrong and authorities determine this difference; have a hard time seeing multiple solutions to a problem
Dualism
subjectivity in what’s right and wrong, shift from authority to peers; can provide arguments for both sides of an issue
Multiplicity
start to realize that there may be multiple solutions to a single problem; look for supporting evidence
Contextual Relativism
many perspectives may be valid, learn to evaluate evidence; recognize how contexts can shape solutions
Commitment within Contextual Relativism
an ingrained cultural belief that engaging in hard work and long hours through adulthood will lead to status, security, and happiness
Career Mystique
where you are going in life, what do you want to achieve, and why
Purpose
couples who are committed to each other and spend time together but maintain separate homes
Living Apart Together
strongest at beginning of relationship; feelings and desires
Passion
self-disclosure
Intimacy
promises
Commitment
the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age
Middle Adulthood
age-related loss of muscle mass and strength
Sarcopenia
a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance
Metabolic Syndrome
characterized by a slow onset and a long duration
Chronic Disorders
a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines
Climacteric
the time in middle age, usually during the late forties or early fifties, when a woman’s menstrual periods cease
Menopause
the transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all, which often takes up to 10 years
Perimenopause
a condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone
Male Hypogonadism
an individual’s accumulated information and verbal skills
Crystallized Intelligence
one’s ability to reason abstractly
Fluid Intelligence
ability to understand ideas expressed in words
Verbal Comprehension
ability to encode and recall meaningful language units, such as a list of words
Verbal Memory
ability to perform simple mathematical computations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication
Numeric Facility
ability to visualize and mentally rotate stimuli in two and three dimensional space
Spatial Orientation
ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and to use this understanding to solve other instances of the problem
Inductive Reasoning
ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli
Perceptual Speed
the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing
Leisure
an organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual’s connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, or ultimate truth)
Religion
involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society
Spirituality
how life events influence the individual’s development depends not only on the life event itself but also on mediating factors (such as physical health and family supports), the individual’s adaptation to the life event (such as appraisal of the threat, and coping strategies), the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context
Contemporary Life-Events Approach
how life events influence the individual’s development depends not only on the life event itself but also on mediating factors (such as physical health and family supports), the individual’s adaptation to the life event (such as appraisal of the threat, and coping strategies), the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context
Contemporary Life-Events Approach
when men face stress, they are more likely to become aggressive, withdraw from social contact, or drink alcohol
Fight or Flight
when women experience stress, they seek social alliances with others, especially friends
Tend and Befriend
the timetable on which individuals are expected to accomplish life’s tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career
Social Clock
states that with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability of personality
Cumulative Personality Model of Personality Development
a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home
Empty Next Syndrome
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Intelligence
proposed by Spearman; underlies all mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test
General Intelligence (g)
problem-solving, analyze, judge, evaluate
Analytical
use, apply, implement
Practical
create, design, invent, imagine
Creative
middle-aged people who are supposedly squeezed by the needs of the younger and older members of the famiy
Sandwich Generation
child cannot form attachments
Reactive Attachment Disorder
people who move through the years of life with a person, all aging together
Social Convoy
people who become accepted as part of a family who have no genetic or legal relationship to that family
Fictive Kin
the maximum number of years an individual can live
Life Span
the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live
Life Expectancy
process of staving off high-mortality chronic diseases until much later ages than usual
Compression of Morbidity
natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults
Evolutionary Theory of Aging
theory that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times, and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing
Cellular Clock Theory
states that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals. The free radicals ricochet around the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures
Free Radical Theory
states that aging is due to the decay of mitochondria
Mitochondrial Theory
a family of proteins that have been linked to longevity, regulation of mitochondria functioning in energy, possible benefits of calorie restriction, stress resistance, and lower rates of diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, cardiovascular disease, and cancer
Sirtuins
a cellular pathway that involves the regulation of growth and metabolism
mTOR Pathway
argues that aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease
Hormonal Stress Theory
when faced with external challenged such as stressful situations, the human body adapts by altering internal physiological processes
Allostasis
a wearing down of body systems due to constant activity
Allostatic Load
the generation of new neurons
Neurogenesis
a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy and distorted
Cataracts
involves damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
Glaucoma
involves deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field
Macular Degeneration
the inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems
Arthritis
involves an extensive loss of bone tissue
Osteoporosis
the ‘hardware’ of the mind and reflect the neurophysiological architecture of the brain that was developed through evolution
Cognitive Mechanics
the culture-based ‘software programs’ of the mind
Cognitive Pragmatics
focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
Selective Attention
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
Divided Attention
focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment
Sustained Attention
planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances
Executive Attention
memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state
Explicit Memory
memory without conscious recollection; it involves skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically
Implicit Memory
the retention of information about the details of life’s happenings
Episodic Memory
adults remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades
Reminiscence Bump
a person’s knowledge about the world
Semantic Memory
the ability to remember where one learned something
Source Memory
remembering to do something in the future
Prospective Memory
expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters
Wisdom
changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance from birth
Terminal Decline
a global term for several neurological disorders involving an irreversible decline in mental function severe enough to interfere with daily life
Dementia
a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function
Alzheimer’s Disease
dense deposits of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels
Amyloid Plaques
twisted fibers that build up in neurons
Neurofibrillary Tangles
a potential transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early states of Alzheimer’s Disease and other dementias
Mild Cognitive Impairment
a chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis
Parkinson’s Disease
a shift in the proportions of the populations of various ages
Demographic Shift
healthy, active, financially secure, and independent
Young-Old
suffer losses in body, mind, or social support, but care for themselves
Old-Old
dependent on others to care for them
Oldest-Old
material at the end of each chromosome that shortens with time
Telomeres
any number of brain diseases that affect a person’s ability to remember, analyze, plan, or interact with others
Neurocognitive Disorders
related to structural or metabolic brain function; fluctuations in symptom severity
Delirium Category
cognitive difficulties go beyond typical aging; can live independently
Mild Category
cognitive deficits interfere with independence in daily functioning
Major Category
difficulties with instrumental daily living activities (e.g., housework)
Mild Severity
difficulties with basic activities of daily living (e.g., feeding, dressing)
Moderate Severity
fully dependent on others because of neurocognitive deficits
Severe Severity
characterized by sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated temporary obstructions of blood vessels
Vascular Disease
characterized by an increase in Lewy body cells in the brain
Lewy Body Disease
bosting about their past (both good and bad)
Integrity
multiple generations with only a few members at each level
Beanpole Family
obligation of adult children to care for their aging parents
Filial Responsibility
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Stages of Dying: Kubler-Ross
physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization, self-transcendence
Stages of Dying: Maslow’s Hierarchy
an institution or program in which terminally ill patients receive palliative care to reduce suffering
Hospice
treatment to provide physical and emotional comfort to those who are dying
Palliative Care
person near death is allowed to die
Passive Euthanasia
when someone does something that expedites death
Active Euthanasia
description of what a person wants to happen during and after death
Advance Directives
document that indicates what medical intervention an individual prefers if they’re not able to make the decision
Healthcare Directive/Living Will
person chosen to make medical decisions if patient unavailable
Health Care Proxy
what happens to your possessions when you die
Will
deep sorrow people feel at the death of another
Grief
clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder after a death
Complicated Grief
mourners don’t grieve
Absent Grief
certain people are prevented from mourning publicly or are socially excluded
Disenfranchised Grief
circumstances may interfere with grieving
Incomplete Grief
public and ritualistic expression of bereavement
Mourning
