Exam 1 Flashcards
the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life-span
Development
development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual
Lifespan Perspective
years since birth
Chronological Age
functional capacity of organs
Biological Age
individual’s adaptive capability
Psychological Age
connectedness with others
Social Age
microsystem –> mesosystem –> exosystem –> macrosystem –> chronosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s Model
social standing or class of an individual or group
Socioeconomic Status
sperm and egg fuse together
Conception
the egg buries itself in the uterine wall ~2 weeks after conception
Implantation
name of the organism: zygote
duration: lasts between fertilization and implantation (~2 weeks)
Germinal Period
cells that become the embryo
Blastocyst
cells that support the embryo
Trophoblast
grows from head to toe
Cephalocaudal
grows from middle to extremities
Proximodistal
name of organism: embryo
duration: weeks 3-8
Embryonic Period
becomes respiratory and digestive system
Endoderm
becomes circulatory, bone/muscle, execratory, reproductive systems
Mesoderm
becomes nervous system, bones, skin
Ectoderm
clear fluid allowing the embryo to float
Amniotic Sac
connects baby to placenta
Umbilical Cord
consists of mother and baby’s blood vessels
Placenta
name of organism: fetus
duration: week 9-birth
Fetal Period
0-13 weeks; morning sickness, frequent urination, miscarriages more common
1st trimester
14-27 weeks; “golden period,” renewed energy, back pain
2nd trimester
27-40 weeks; growing fetus can cause shortness of breath, varicose veins, and/or hemorrhoids
3rd trimester
sex of baby, organ development, and support systems checked by a doctor
Ultrasound
amniotic fluid is removed via needle to determine genetic disorders, sex, or neural tube status
Amniocentesis
catheter is inserted into the cervix to determine genetic disorders
Chorionic Villus Sampling
an agent or condition that can impair prenatal development
Teratogen
occurs when infants suddenly and unexpectedly die, most often in their sleep
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
baby sleeps in bed with parent(s)
Bed-Sharing
baby sleeps in room with parent(s)
Co-Sleeping
put child to bed and do not return until designated time next morning
Extinction
parents delay responding to their crying infant at fixed or increasing intervals
Graduated Extinction
infant’s bedtime is shifted later to ensure sleepiness and then gradually moved earlier
Bedtime Fading
infant’s responses to their own bodies
Primary Circular Reactions
simple reflexes (birth-1 month) e.g., sucking, grasping, staring
Stage 1
acquired adaptations (1-4 months) e.g., sucking a pacifier differently than a nipple
Stage 2
infant’s response to objects and people
Secondary Circular Reactions
responding to people and objects (4-8 months) e.g., repeat actions based on their consequences
Stage 3
becoming more deliberate in responding to people and objects (8-12 months)
Stage 4
creativity with actions and ideas
Tertiary Circular Reactions
experimenting with new actions (12-18 months) e.g., language or other means of communication
Stage 5
baby finds new ways to achieve goals without using trial and error (18-24 months)
Stage 6
understanding that things continue to exist when you cannot see them
Object Permanence
shows infants expected and unexpected events and see how long they look at each one
Violation of Expectation Paradigm
basic units of sound in a language
Phoneme
children assume that a novel word refers to the entire object we are paying attention to, rather than about a part or a quality of the object
Whole Object Constraint
children learn about 10-20 new words each week (~15-20 months)
Language Explosion
new words are learned based only on minimal exposure
Fast Mapping
use a word to refer to more than its intended referent
Over-Extension
use a word to refer to less than its intended referent
Under-Extension
the ability to use background knowledge and context to understand language
Pragmatics
seeking info about how to react to an unfamiliar/ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions/reactions
Social Referencing
processes used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions
Emotion Regulation
caregiver provides comfort or distraction for baby
Co-Regulation
individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation
Temperament
easy-going and spontaneously approach new people, objects, and situations
Low Reactive/Easy Babies
very fearful or avoidant in unfamiliar situations and shy with strangers
High Reactive/Difficult Babies
mix of both temperaments, less consistent traits
Middle Reactive/Slow to Warm Up Babies
infants must learn to trust someone who can help them navigate their environment (infant-18 months)
Trust vs. Mistrust
an “affectional tie” that an infant forms with a caregiver
Attachment
parent is a secure base, child will explore novel places
Secure Attatchment
avoids connection with parent, gives parent cold shoulder after coming back
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
both resists and seeks caregiver, wary of new places and people
Insecure-Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment
inconsistent reactions to caregiver’s departure/return
Disorganized Attachment
our attachment style teaches us how all other relationships in our life should work
Internal Model of Attachment
