Exam 3 Flashcards
Role of Vascular tissue in spore dispersal
provides transport pathways for water, nutrients, and signaling molecules
Gametophyte dominant life cycles
bryophytes, mosses and liverworts
adult life period is longest, haploid dominant
Sporophyte dominant life cycles
angiosperm and gymnosperm,
fertilization process is longest, diploid dominant
modern lycophytes are ____ compared to lepidodendron
smaller in size
Homospory
producing spores of similar shape and size
Heterospory
producing different types of spores
selaginella life cycle
Sporophyte dominant, 2n diploid
Sori
cluster of sporangia
sporangia
little leaf sperm balls, contains spores
spores
packets of haploid sperm
Annulus in fern
thin side walls
Fern life cycle
n, haploid dominant gametophyte
Water Ferns
Azolla, Salvinia, Marsilea
Plants effect on climate
lower carbon dioxide = lower temperatures, ice caps and dried planet
Fate of non-seed-bearing vascular plants
Emergence of seed-bearing vascular plants with key adaptations took over.
Male gametophyte in pine life cycle
4 cells, gametophytes are pollen
Sporangium (gonads) are multicellular structured gametophytes, each having 2 sperm.
Female gametophyte in pine life cycle
Megaspore pinecone
Megasporangium has a mother cell in the megaspore, megaspore goes through meiosis, 4 eggs, only 1 survives.
Pine Ovule
becomes seed, integument and megasporangium
diploid, 2n
Cycads and Ginkgo have:
motile sperm, pollen tube delivers sperm to egg
Gymnosperm and Angiosperm major difference
Gymnosperm seeds are naked/ open
Angiosperm seeds are surrounded/ protected by fruit
4 major groups of gymnosperms
Conifers
Ginkgo
Cycads
Gnetophytes
Largest tree in world
Giant Sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum)
in western foothills of Sierra Nevada
Tallest tree in the world
Coastal Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
Western coast fog belt
Oldest tree in world
Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva)
What are the fleshy red structure surrounding the seed of the yew (Taxus) plant, the fleshy white structure surrounding the Juniper seed, and the fleshy structure of the Gingko seed?
A modified Cone
Monotypic plants (gymnosperm type)
one genera of plants that contains a single species
(conifers)
Welwitschia, found and special
Found in Western Namibia by sea
2 long, continuously growing leaves
Pangea
Africa, South America, Europe
“curious” sperm of cycads and ginkgo
Motile sperm, have to swim a short distance to eggs
Monecious vs Dioecious
One house: both sperm and egg come from same plant, no distinct gendered plant.
Two houses: sperm and egg come from male or female plants (different plants.)
Evergreen vs Deciduous
Evergreen - only some leaves fall off
Deciduous - all leaves fall off each year
Development of Carpel
the main organ to the fruit and defining feature of angiosperms.
protects, helps disperse, and supports seed development into a new plant.
Hypogynous
superior ovary,
whorls below ovary, ovary on top
Epigynous
inferior ovary,
all whorls above ovary, ovary below
Perigynous
hypanthium is present but not attached to gymnosperm (around)
Male part of angiosperm, pollen
androecium’s pollen is produced from Stamen is on the flower and not from microsporangiate cones.
Female part of gymnosperm, ovule
Pistel (corpel), enclosed area around the ovule, unlike angiosperm ovule which is out in the open
Double fertilization and the resultant tissues
Endosperm tissue stores starch that the embryo use when seeds germinate.
fertilization happens, no waste energy
Inflorescence
A cluster of flowers, younger flowers continuously generated at the tip, grows indeterminately
Racemes
pedicels and internodes
Umbel
pedicels but no internodes
Spike
internodes but no pedicels
Head
Neither internodes nor pedicels
Simple (berry)
syncarpous or unicarpellate gynoecium
Pepo (watermelon, cucumber)
leathery rind outside
Hesperidium (orange)
juice sacs and outer ovary becomes leathery rind with fragrant oil glands
Pomes (apple)
fleshy fruit covered with hypanthium and has a leathery core from the ovary wall
Drupes (cherries, peaches)
have extremely hard pits
Follicle
dry, dehiscent fruit, formed from a single carpel, single seam
Legume
single carpel but has two seams
Capsule
dry, dehiscent fruit formed of multiple carpels
Achene (seeds)
single-seeded dry, indehiscent fruit
Samara
achene with wings
Grain
single-seeded fruit, seeds cannot be separated from the fruit
Nut
dry indehiscent fruit, each carpel separates from the other at maturity
Aggregate
produced by a single flower, carpels never fused together
Multiple fruits
result from fusion of fruits from several different flowers
