Exam 2 Flashcards
Taxonomy
organization of biodiversity, common attributes
The Hierarchical system of classification
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
What is Nomenclature
naming newly discovered members of groups
what is the problem with common names
common names can be the same or similar to another species without being related
what is the advantage of scientific names
they are specific and reflect evolutionary relations
Carl Linnaeus important contributions
Binomial Nomenclature (2 part naming) and Taxonomy (hierarchical classification system)
Taxonomy and Systematics differences
taxonomy gave way to systematics, natural and phylogenetic classifications
what is phylogeny
pattern of evolutionary history among species
Monophyly
group descended from a single ancestor (mammalia, angiosperms, insects)
Polyphyly
group descended from more than one ancestor (trees, algae, flying vertebrates, flightless birds)
Paraphyly
includes most recent ancestor, not all descendants (reptiles, bryophytes)
Nodes vs tips
nodes is the connecting point of a branch, tips represent groups descendents
Clade
branch that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants
Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
the ancestor that has more relation to an individual from which all directly descended
What are the Three Domains of Life
Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea
characteristics of Prokaryotes
Archaea and Bacteria
small size and ribosomes, no nucleus or organelles, peptidoglycan cell wall, DNA is circular
characteristics of Eukaryotes
Eukarya
Large size and ribosomes, nucleus contains chromosomes, has organelles, a cellulose or chitin cell wall and linear DNA
Primary Endosymbiosis
one cell eats another, if the cell is not digested it becomes part of the cell
Prokaryotic cell type
single celled
Eukaryotic cell type
multicellular
Pigments
chlorophyll (green)
phycoerythrin (red)
phycocyanin (blue)
nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria
anabaena, oscillatoria, nostoc
Anabaena and nitrogen fixation
lives naturally in water fern, providing nitrogen for both itself and the fern
Red Algae pigments
chlorophyll a
phycobilins (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin)
Red algae are the source for
food and pharmaceutical substances
Secondary endosymbiosis
Prokaryotic cells eat 2 other cells (becomes eukaryotic), that cell gets eaten by another one and becomes a chloroplast for the cell that ate it.
Why do chloroplast of diatoms and brown algae have 4 membranes instead of 2
They are heterokonts
Heterokonts defining feature
2 different flagella
is Brown Algae a haploid or diploid
Diploid
Brown Algae pigments
Chlorophyll a and c
fucoxanthin
Fucus life cycle
the zygote becomes an embryo and develops into the mature Fucus with receptacles at the tip of the algae
chlamydomonas life cycle
after fertilization the zygote soon goes through meiosis and produces 4 haploid flagellated spores, which develop to haploid unicellular individuals
Why are diatoms cell wall special
they are the only organisms with transparent cell walls made of opaline silica
is Green algae haploid or diploid
Haploid
Green algae pigments
chlorophyll a and b
carotenoids
chlamydomonas life cycle
after fertilization the zygote goes through meiosis, produces 4 haploid flagellated spores, develop into haploid unicellular individuals
what is spirogyra
spiral chloroplast, haploid dominant
no sperm or eggs
conjugation in spirogyra
2 spiral filaments connect, dump all contents from one to the other, becomes a zygote cell
Isogamy
2 identical motile gametes which are not differentiated as male and female
Anisogamy
2 dissimilar male and female gametes are motile or immotile
Oogamy
immotile large female gamete and small motile male gamete
what are streptophytes
twisted plants (twisted sperm cells)
embryophytes characterization
land plants, do or don’t produce seeds
Oogonium unicellular or multicellular
unicellular in algae and fungi
Archegonium unicellular or multicellular
multicellular in bryophyte and pteridophyte
Sporophyte reproduction
asexual, diploid
gametophyte reproduction
sexual, haploid
archegonia
female moss
antheridia
male moss
gametophyte in moss
haploid, main body part
sporophyte in moss remains attached to
female gametophytes
moss life cycle
Egg + sperm = zygote + mitosis = embryo = diploid cell repeat
Peristome function
disperses spores in embryophytes after lid (operculum) comes off
Thalloid liverwort has a
gametophyte body
Leafy liverwort
not true stem or leaves
Archegoniophores
female gametophyte (downward pointing)
Antheridiophores
male gametophyte (upward pointing)
Mosses
seed producing and non-seed producing
Attach to the top of the moss gametophyte
Liverworts
capsule seeds
Elaters disperse spores
Small sporophytes
Hornworts
terrestrial and nonvascular, thallus body
Sporangium splits open to release spores
Long and slender
Which about Carl Linnaeus is FALSE?
He published the book Species Plantarum.
He devised of hierarchical system of classification.
He introduced binomial system of nomenclature.
He developed a “shorthand” designation for each
species consisting of a single word.
developed a “shorthand” designation for each
species consisting of a single word
The binomial name for poison ivy is Toxicodendron
radicans. To what genus does this plant belong?
Toxicodendron
A natural classification system (i.e. systematics) differs from
an artificial classification system in that a natural classification
system:
reflects the evolutionary relationships among organisms
Which group is not monophyletic:
Opisthokonts
Red Algae
Green Algae
Embryophytes
Green Algae
Which stage of the plant life cycle is
multicellular?
gametophyte
Which stage results from meiosis in
plants?
spore
How many times did chloroplasts originate by
endosymbiosis in green plants?
once (all green plant chloroplasts are
descendants of the first one)
How many membranes surround brown algal chloroplasts?
4
Chrysophytes have
fucoxanthin
Which of the following statements about Chlamydomonas is FALSE?
It has two flagella of equal length.
The diploid phase is the dominant phase in its life cycle.
It undergoes zygotic meiosis.
Its chloroplast contains a pyrenoid.
It is a single celled algae.
The diploid phase is the dominant phase in its life cycle.
Which of the following statements about Oedogonium is FALSE?
Male and female gametes are identical in
shape and size.
The haploid phase is the dominant phase in
its life cycle.
It undergoes zygotic meiosis.
Zygote divides through meiosis to create 4
zoospores
The zoospore divides mitotically to form new
haploid filament.
Male and female gametes are identical in
shape and size
A cell is an antheridium and has produced 2 sperm by _____
mitosis
Which of the following statements about
Spirogyra is FALSE?
Spirogyra is more closely
related to an apple tree than it
is to Oedogonium.
The haploid phase is the
dominant phase in its life cycle.
It undergoes zygotic meiosis.
Gametes are anisogamous
It has ribbon shaped
chloroplast
Gametes are anisogamous
Streptophyte green algae are more closely related
to_____________ and both have ___________________
Embryophytes; twisted sperm
Oogonium ________ whereas archegonium is _________
unicellular; multicellular
exclusively bryophytes
Liverworts, hornworts, mosses
In bryophytes, fertilization takes places in the:
archegonium
Gametophytes have ________ cells whereas sporophytes have ________ cells
haploid; diploid
Gemma are:
Reproductive vegetative structures
