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Bio 222 botany > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

organization of biodiversity, common attributes

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2
Q

The Hierarchical system of classification

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

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3
Q

What is Nomenclature

A

naming newly discovered members of groups

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4
Q

what is the problem with common names

A

common names can be the same or similar to another species without being related

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5
Q

what is the advantage of scientific names

A

they are specific and reflect evolutionary relations

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6
Q

Carl Linnaeus important contributions

A

Binomial Nomenclature (2 part naming) and Taxonomy (hierarchical classification system)

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7
Q

Taxonomy and Systematics differences

A

taxonomy gave way to systematics, natural and phylogenetic classifications

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8
Q

what is phylogeny

A

pattern of evolutionary history among species

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9
Q

Monophyly

A

group descended from a single ancestor (mammalia, angiosperms, insects)

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10
Q

Polyphyly

A

group descended from more than one ancestor (trees, algae, flying vertebrates, flightless birds)

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11
Q

Paraphyly

A

includes most recent ancestor, not all descendants (reptiles, bryophytes)

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12
Q

Nodes vs tips

A

nodes is the connecting point of a branch, tips represent groups descendents

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13
Q

Clade

A

branch that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

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14
Q

Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)

A

the ancestor that has more relation to an individual from which all directly descended

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15
Q

What are the Three Domains of Life

A

Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea

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16
Q

characteristics of Prokaryotes

A

Archaea and Bacteria
small size and ribosomes, no nucleus or organelles, peptidoglycan cell wall, DNA is circular

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17
Q

characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

Eukarya
Large size and ribosomes, nucleus contains chromosomes, has organelles, a cellulose or chitin cell wall and linear DNA

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18
Q

Primary Endosymbiosis

A

one cell eats another, if the cell is not digested it becomes part of the cell

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19
Q

Prokaryotic cell type

A

single celled

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20
Q

Eukaryotic cell type

A

multicellular

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21
Q

Pigments

A

chlorophyll (green)
phycoerythrin (red)
phycocyanin (blue)

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22
Q

nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria

A

anabaena, oscillatoria, nostoc

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23
Q

Anabaena and nitrogen fixation

A

lives naturally in water fern, providing nitrogen for both itself and the fern

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24
Q

Red Algae pigments

A

chlorophyll a
phycobilins (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin)

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25
Q

Red algae are the source for

A

food and pharmaceutical substances

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26
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

Prokaryotic cells eat 2 other cells (becomes eukaryotic), that cell gets eaten by another one and becomes a chloroplast for the cell that ate it.

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27
Q

Why do chloroplast of diatoms and brown algae have 4 membranes instead of 2

A

They are heterokonts

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28
Q

Heterokonts defining feature

A

2 different flagella

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29
Q

is Brown Algae a haploid or diploid

A

Diploid

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30
Q

Brown Algae pigments

A

Chlorophyll a and c
fucoxanthin

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31
Q

Fucus life cycle

A

the zygote becomes an embryo and develops into the mature Fucus with receptacles at the tip of the algae

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32
Q

chlamydomonas life cycle

A

after fertilization the zygote soon goes through meiosis and produces 4 haploid flagellated spores, which develop to haploid unicellular individuals

33
Q

Why are diatoms cell wall special

A

they are the only organisms with transparent cell walls made of opaline silica

34
Q

is Green algae haploid or diploid

A

Haploid

35
Q

Green algae pigments

A

chlorophyll a and b
carotenoids

36
Q

chlamydomonas life cycle

A

after fertilization the zygote goes through meiosis, produces 4 haploid flagellated spores, develop into haploid unicellular individuals

37
Q

what is spirogyra

A

spiral chloroplast, haploid dominant
no sperm or eggs

38
Q

conjugation in spirogyra

A

2 spiral filaments connect, dump all contents from one to the other, becomes a zygote cell

39
Q

Isogamy

A

2 identical motile gametes which are not differentiated as male and female

40
Q

Anisogamy

A

2 dissimilar male and female gametes are motile or immotile

41
Q

Oogamy

A

immotile large female gamete and small motile male gamete

42
Q

what are streptophytes

A

twisted plants (twisted sperm cells)

43
Q

embryophytes characterization

A

land plants, do or don’t produce seeds

44
Q

Oogonium unicellular or multicellular

A

unicellular in algae and fungi

45
Q

Archegonium unicellular or multicellular

A

multicellular in bryophyte and pteridophyte

46
Q

Sporophyte reproduction

A

asexual, diploid

47
Q

gametophyte reproduction

A

sexual, haploid

48
Q

archegonia

A

female moss

49
Q

antheridia

A

male moss

50
Q

gametophyte in moss

A

haploid, main body part

51
Q

sporophyte in moss remains attached to

A

female gametophytes

52
Q

moss life cycle

A

Egg + sperm = zygote + mitosis = embryo = diploid cell repeat

53
Q

Peristome function

A

disperses spores in embryophytes after lid (operculum) comes off

54
Q

Thalloid liverwort has a

A

gametophyte body

55
Q

Leafy liverwort

A

not true stem or leaves

56
Q

Archegoniophores

A

female gametophyte (downward pointing)

57
Q

Antheridiophores

A

male gametophyte (upward pointing)

58
Q

Mosses

A

seed producing and non-seed producing
Attach to the top of the moss gametophyte

59
Q

Liverworts

A

capsule seeds
Elaters disperse spores
Small sporophytes

60
Q

Hornworts

A

terrestrial and nonvascular, thallus body
Sporangium splits open to release spores
Long and slender

61
Q

Which about Carl Linnaeus is FALSE?
He published the book Species Plantarum.
He devised of hierarchical system of classification.
He introduced binomial system of nomenclature.
He developed a “shorthand” designation for each
species consisting of a single word.

A

developed a “shorthand” designation for each
species consisting of a single word

62
Q

The binomial name for poison ivy is Toxicodendron
radicans. To what genus does this plant belong?

A

Toxicodendron

63
Q

A natural classification system (i.e. systematics) differs from
an artificial classification system in that a natural classification
system:

A

reflects the evolutionary relationships among organisms

64
Q

Which group is not monophyletic:
Opisthokonts
Red Algae
Green Algae
Embryophytes

A

Green Algae

65
Q

Which stage of the plant life cycle is
multicellular?

A

gametophyte

66
Q

Which stage results from meiosis in
plants?

A

spore

67
Q

How many times did chloroplasts originate by
endosymbiosis in green plants?

A

once (all green plant chloroplasts are
descendants of the first one)

68
Q

How many membranes surround brown algal chloroplasts?

A

4

69
Q

Chrysophytes have

A

fucoxanthin

70
Q

Which of the following statements about Chlamydomonas is FALSE?
It has two flagella of equal length.
The diploid phase is the dominant phase in its life cycle.
It undergoes zygotic meiosis.
Its chloroplast contains a pyrenoid.
It is a single celled algae.

A

The diploid phase is the dominant phase in its life cycle.

71
Q

Which of the following statements about Oedogonium is FALSE?
Male and female gametes are identical in
shape and size.
The haploid phase is the dominant phase in
its life cycle.
It undergoes zygotic meiosis.
Zygote divides through meiosis to create 4
zoospores
The zoospore divides mitotically to form new
haploid filament.

A

Male and female gametes are identical in
shape and size

72
Q

A cell is an antheridium and has produced 2 sperm by _____

A

mitosis

73
Q

Which of the following statements about
Spirogyra is FALSE?
Spirogyra is more closely
related to an apple tree than it
is to Oedogonium.
The haploid phase is the
dominant phase in its life cycle.
It undergoes zygotic meiosis.
Gametes are anisogamous
It has ribbon shaped
chloroplast

A

Gametes are anisogamous

74
Q

Streptophyte green algae are more closely related
to_____________ and both have ___________________

A

Embryophytes; twisted sperm

75
Q

Oogonium ________ whereas archegonium is _________

A

unicellular; multicellular

76
Q

exclusively bryophytes

A

Liverworts, hornworts, mosses

77
Q

In bryophytes, fertilization takes places in the:

A

archegonium

78
Q

Gametophytes have ________ cells whereas sporophytes have ________ cells

A

haploid; diploid

79
Q

Gemma are:

A

Reproductive vegetative structures

Bio 222 botany (2 decks)

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