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Biology 102 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

diffusion

A

The random movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration.

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2
Q

osmosis

A

The spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane

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3
Q

solution

A

water

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4
Q

solute

A

the substance that is dissolved in a solution

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5
Q

passive transport

A

particles will diffuse down a concentration gradient, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

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6
Q

concentration gradient

A

occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another.

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7
Q

hormones

A

singular molecule, produced by certain cells that tell other cells what to do under specific situation’s.

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8
Q

feedback regulation

A

the system varies from the set-point, hormones, restore, balance.

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9
Q

antagonistic hormones

A

balance each other (ex. Control blood sugar.) poor bones involved are insulin and glucose.

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10
Q

insulin

A

causes blood sugar levels to go down

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11
Q

glucagon

A

causes blood sugar levels to go up

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12
Q

type one diabetes

A

is a genetic condition that often shows up early in life

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13
Q

type two diabetes

A

lifestyle-related and developed overtime

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14
Q

external defense

A

keeps pathogens from entering the body

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15
Q

physical barriers

A

skin, lining of mouth, nose, lungs, vagina

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16
Q

chemical barriers

A

stomach acid, tears, sweat, urine

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17
Q

innate immune system

A

the first line of defense, recognize self from non self

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18
Q

adaptive immune system

A

pathogen-specific response

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19
Q

neutrophils + phagocytes

A

destroy any non self pathogen, eat infected cells

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20
Q

b cells

A

make antibodies

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21
Q

t cells

A

kill body cells that are flagged as infected

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22
Q

antibodies

A

recognize specific cell surface proteins of invader and bind to it

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23
Q

memory cells

A

hang around prime body activating system and creates memory cells

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24
Q

vaccine types

A

inactivated and mRNA vaccines

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25
Q

flu vaccine

A

inject dead virus or just surface protein

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26
Q

mRNA vaccine

A

antigen code triggers immune response

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27
Q

components of blood

A

92% water, dissolved gas, small molecule, special cells

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28
Q

red blood cells

A

transports oxygen gas in the blood stream

29
Q

brain damage

A

can go 4 minutes without O2 without suffering damage

30
Q

arteries

A

lead blood away from the heart

31
Q

veins

A

return blood to the heart

32
Q

capillaries

A

branch into network, capillary beds

33
Q

alveoli and capillaries

A

do gas exchange between blood and where tissue fueling take place

34
Q

CO2 in lungs

A

higher in the blood, lower in the lungs (blood to lungs)

35
Q

O2 in lungs

A

lower in the blood, higher in the lungs (lungs to blood)

36
Q

capillary tissue interface

A

CO2 higher in tissue, lower in blood
O2 higher in blood, lower in tissue

37
Q

pain receptors

A

injury and noxious chemicals

38
Q

thermoreceptors

A

hot or cold

39
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to physical changes (touch, hearing, body position)

40
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals like taste and smell

41
Q

photoreceptors

A

light and vision

42
Q

electroreceptors

A

respond to electrical fields (animals)

43
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

sensory organs, nerves (connect to CNS)

44
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord (middle)

45
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical that transmits and impulse across and synapse

46
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to bones

47
Q

cardiac muscle

A

cells branch to contract across the heart

48
Q

smooth muscle

A

tubular systems (uterus, digestive system)

49
Q

AV Node

A

triggers ventricles to contract together

50
Q

SA Node

A

triggers atria to contract together

51
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae column, rib cage (axial = center)

52
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

shoulder and pelvic girdle, arms, legs, hand, feet

53
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

54
Q

ligaments

A

connect bones to other joints

55
Q

osteocytes

A

build bones, found in lucanae

56
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone

57
Q

red marrow

A

blood cell formation

58
Q

yellow marrow

A

fat storage, in the middle of long bone

59
Q

central canal (osteon)

A

1 vein, 1 artery, 1 nerve

60
Q

fertilization

A

sperm and ovum nuclei fuse

61
Q

cleavage

A

zygote divides without growth

62
Q

blastocyte formation

A

hollow ball becomes structured

63
Q

implantation

A

blastocyte arrives in the uterus and implants (8-9 days post fertilization) (called embryo in endometrium)

64
Q

gastrulation

A

inner cell mass forms embryonic tissue layers

65
Q

inner tube

A

digestive system

66
Q

outer layer

A

integumentary system (nervous system)

67
Q

middle layer

A

organ systems lying between the gut and skin (circ & skeletal)

68
Q

spina bifida

A

neural tube fails to form properly

Biology 102 (2 decks)

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